Pratique du Shadowing: Bell palsy - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Choisissez un mode d'entraînement
Chaque mode ouvre une salle d'entraînement en plein écran.
77 phrases
Si les phrases sont trop courtes ou trop longues, cliquez sur Edit pour les ajuster.
1
Bell palsy, named after the Scottish doctor Charles Bell, who first described the condition, is the most common type of facial nerve palsy.
2
Facial palsy occurs when there's damage to the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, which results in weakness and paralysis on one side of the face.
3
This can happen due to various conditions, including stroke or tumors, but if the underlying cause remains unknown, we call it Bell palsy.
4
Remember when you were a kid, and felt crushed because your family was watching a movie instead of your favorite cartoon?
5
That grumpy face you made, that's your facial nerve telling your muscles what to do.
6
Enjoying our osmosis videos?
7
Unlock your full potential with an osmosis subscription.
8
Get unlimited access to every osmosis feature and resource with a free seven-day trial.
9
The ultimate control of facial muscles comes from the left
10
and right upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus.
11
First, let's talk about the lower right half of the face.
12
The upper motor neuron from the left side of the brain travels down to the brainstem, crosses over the midline, and connects to a lower motor neuron in the facial nucleus.
13
From here, the lower motor neuron sends signals through the right facial nerve to the lower right half of the face.
14
So when it comes to the lower part of your face, each side of your brain handles the opposite lower side.
15
But the upper half of the face is like, nah, I want backup in signals from both sides of the brain.
16
In this case, the upper motor neuron from the left side of the brain extends to the lower motor neuron on the opposite side.
17
But at the same time, the upper motor neuron from the right side sends back up to the lower motor neuron on that same side.
18
So when it comes to the upper half of the face, both sides of your brain team up to get the job done.
19
Now let's focus on the facial nerve, which emerges from the pontomedullary junction of the brainstem.
20
Next, it enters the petrous part of the temporal bone, where it travels through a narrow, Z-shaped canal called the facial canal.
21
After passing through the canal, it exits the skull through a small opening in the temporal bone called the stylomastoid foramen.
22
From here, the facial nerve passes through the parotid gland, where it branches off to innervate various facial muscles which are responsible for facial expressions.
23
The facial nerve also controls the submandibular and sublingual glands, which produce saliva, as well as the lacrimal gland, which creates tears.
24
It also carries taste sensations from the front two-thirds of your tongue and innervates the stapedius muscle, which helps reduce the vibrations of the stapes bone against the oval window,
25
protecting your hearing from loud noises.
26
Now, Bell palsy is also known as idiopathic facial nerve palsy because the underlying cause is unknown.
27
However, we know that it involves inflammation of the nerve within the facial canal.
28
As the nerve becomes inflamed and swells, it has little room to expand.
29
This increases pressure on the small blood vessels supplying the nerve, eventually reducing blood flow and causing nerve ischemia and dysfunction.
30
And since small blood vessels are crucial in nourishing the nerve, remember that conditions affecting small blood vessels, like uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension,
31
can increase the risk of developing Bell palsy.
32
In some individuals, herpes simplex virus type 1 can reactivate from its dormant state in the geniculate ganglion
33
and travel along the facial nerve, leading to inflammation.
34
This helps explain why this virus is often found in the endoneurial fluid around the affected nerve.
35
Now, in Bell palsy, signals from both upper motor neurons are still reaching lower motor neurons.
36
But on the affected side, as the signal travels along the facial nerve through the facial canal, it gets blocked.
37
In other words, it never reaches facial muscles, causing complete weakness in both the lower and upper halves of the face.
38
When the lower part loses innervation, the corner of the mouth droops, which can lead to drooling.
39
If the person smiles, the smile looks uneven, and the skinfold running from the side of the nose to the corner of the mouth disappears.
40
This is called the loss of the nasolabial fold.
41
Finally, puffing out the cheeks is almost impossible, so simple things like blowing up a balloon for a birthday party become a real struggle.
42
On the flip side, when the upper half loses innervation, the forehead on that side loses its wrinkles and the person cannot raise their eyebrow.
43
The muscles around the eye become weak, making it difficult to fully close the eye.
44
When they try, the eye moves upward, which is known as the bell phenomenon.
45
And since they can't blink properly, the eye doesn't get the moisture it needs, which can lead to dryness and even corneal ulcers.
46
And the story doesn't end with just muscle weakness.
47
Since the facial nerve also controls the submandibular and sublingual glands, individuals with bell palsy may experience a dry mouth.
48
On top of that, losing sensation from the front two-thirds of the tongue means no taste of their favorite vanilla ice cream.
49
And finally, when the stapedius muscle stops working properly, everyday sounds that usually feel fine can suddenly seem unbearably loud.
50
This is known as hyperacusis.
51
Keep in mind that all these symptoms often start with pain around the ear and usually develop quickly, often within just a few hours.
52
Now, to diagnose Bell palsy, the first step is to rule out central causes of facial palsy.
53
The main clue is the forehead.
54
If a person can still wrinkle the forehead on the weak side, it's likely central facial palsy.
55
For example, a tumor, stroke, or multiple sclerosis can affect the upper motor neuron on one side of the brain,
56
stopping it from sending signals to the facial nucleus on the opposite side.
57
However, the upper motor neuron on the unaffected side still sends backup signals to both facial nuclei, including the one on the affected side of the face.
58
This allows the forehead muscles to move.
59
But if your patient can't wrinkle the forehead on the weak side, diagnose peripheral facial palsy.
60
In this case, both upper motor neurons are sending signals to the facial nuclei, but the signal from the facial nucleus on the affected side is not reaching the facial muscles.
61
Next, rule out potential causes of peripheral facial palsy.
62
First, acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor of Schwann cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
63
It usually develops in the pontomedullary angle, close to the facial nerve.
64
As it grows, it compresses the facial nerve, causing facial palsy.
65
On top of weakness, individuals may experience hearing loss and balance issues.
66
Next, mumps infection can trigger paratitis or inflammation of the parotid gland.
67
The swollen gland can press on the facial nerve as it passes through, leading to facial palsy.
68
Finally, Lyme disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi can result in unilateral or bilateral facial palsy.
69
In this case, look for a characteristic rash called erythema migrans and ask about possible tick exposure.
70
Once you rule out all these potential causes, you can diagnose Bell palsy.
71
Treatment primarily relies on corticosteroids to reduce nerve inflammation and sometimes antiviral medications to fight the herpes simplex virus.
72
Alright, as a quick recap, Bell palsy is also known as idiopathic facial nerve palsy because the exact cause remains unknown.
73
However, we know that it involves inflammation of the nerve within the facial canal.
74
And as the nerve swells, it has little room to expand, which increases pressure on the small blood vessels that nourish it.
75
This pressure reduces blood flow, causing nerve ischemia and dysfunction.
76
Common symptoms include an inability to wrinkle the forehead or close the eye, loss of the nasolabial fold, and drooping of the mouth on the affected side.
77
Thank you.
Télécharger l'application
Tout pour parler couramment
Prononciation IAChaque phrase notée
Phonétique (IPA)Maîtrisez chaque son
VocabulaireEnrichissez votre lexique
Jeu de vocabulaireApprenez en jouant
Même chaîne
C11
Clinical Cuts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
Ischemic Stroke - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Pneumothorax - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C14
Nitrates: Nursing Pharmacology
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
Asthma
University StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Clinical Cuts: B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, & Contraction
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C12
Myasthenia gravis
University StudentsWorking Adults
C1Gallstones (cholelithiasis)
University StudentsWorking Adults
C18
Emotional and mental health needs
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
Introduction to the immune system
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
Tuberculosis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Vidéo recommandée
C11
16 phrases
Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate: Pediatrics - Alterations in Health | @LevelUpRN
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
201 phrases
The illusion that broken the internet
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
56 phrases
Intracranial Angioplasty | Dr. Sukalyan Purkayastha | Brain Mechanic
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
186 phrases
Embryology of the Nervous System
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
43 phrases
Understanding COPD
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
471 phrases
Essentials: How Smells Influence Our Hormones, Health & Behavior | Dr. Noam Sobel
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
34 phrases
SVINutes: Decoding Dizziness
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
381 phrases
NEONATAL seizures! Work-up and TREATMENT!!
University StudentsWorking Adults
C13
52 phrases
Human Anatomy Eye
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
22 phrases
Tardive Dyskinesia Overview with Matt Stern
University StudentsWorking Adults
Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : facial, nerve, palsy, motor, neuron. Cette vidéo contient 77 phrases et 1335 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 8:04. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 165 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 71 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| palsy nom | /ˈpɔːlzi/ | paralysie |
| neuron nom | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neurone, cellule nerveuse |
| gland nom | /ɡlænd/ | glande |
| forehead nom | /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/ | front |
| nucleus nom | /ˈnuː.kli.əs/ | noyau |
| inflammation nom | /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/ | inflammation |
| wrinkle nom | /ˈɹɪŋkl̩/ | aspérité |
| diagnose verbe | /ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/ | diagnostiquer |
| osmosis nom | /ɑzˈmoʊ̯sɪs/ | osmose |
| swell verbe | /swɛl/ | gonfler, enfler |
| tumor nom | /tuː.məɹ/ | tumeur |
| droop verbe | /ˈdɹuːp/ | tomber, s'affaisser |
| idiopathic adjectif | /ˌɪdioʊˈpæθɪk/ | idiopathique |
| innervation nom | /ˌɪn.ɚˈveɪ.ʃən/ | innervation |
| ischemia nom | /ɪˈski.mi.ə/ | ischémie |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| pass through verbe | traverser |
| rule out verbe | barrer, biffer |
| blow up verbe | faire sauter |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is also known · is often found · is called |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | muscles which are · droops, which can · upward, which is |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 4 contractions et formes réduites, comme can't, doesn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: idiopathic /ˌɪdioʊˈpæθɪk/, erythema /ˌɛɹɪˈθiːmə/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, innervation /ˌɪn.ɚˈveɪ.ʃən/, nourish /ˈnʌɹ.ɪʃ/, dysfunction /dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən/, sensation /sɛnˈseɪʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, idiopathic /ˌɪdioʊˈpæθɪk/, innervation /ˌɪn.ɚˈveɪ.ʃən/, ischemia /ɪˈski.mi.ə/, stapedius /stəˈpi.di.əs/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: forehead /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/, hyperacusis /ˌhaɪ.pəɹ.əˈkjuː.sɪs/, hypertension /ˌhaɪ.pɚˈtɛn.ʃən/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: geniculate /d͡ʒəˈnɪk.jəˌleɪt/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/, moisture /ˈmɔɪs.t͡ʃɚ/, junction /ˈd͡ʒʌŋkʃən/, cheek /t͡ʃiːk/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: neuron /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/, forehead /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/, wrinkle /ˈɹɪŋkl̩/, tumor /tuː.məɹ/, droop /ˈdɹuːp/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme palsy, neuron, gland.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.