Pratique du Shadowing: How to Rebut An Argument (Ep 02) - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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you Argument Alice, Framework Freddy,
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Comparison Connie, Structure Sam, Delivery Danny, Rebuttal Rosie are...
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The Diology Debate Super Team.
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They are here to help develop your superpowers.
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Hello everyone, Rebuttal Rosie here.
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Today I am going to teach you one of the most important things in debate: rebuttal.
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Rebuttal means to provide some evidence or argument that refutes or opposes an argument.
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To refute means to prove to be wrong or an error.
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In simple terms, A rebuttal is when we explain that our opponent's argument is wrong or mistaken.
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Debate would be very boring without rebuttals.
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As you learned from Argument Alice, making an argument is like building a house.
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You need all the crucial components: claim, reasoning, and evidence.
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A rebuttal is an attempt to deconstruct or tear down what our opponent has built.
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Now, before we begin your training in rebuttal, you must make a promise to me.
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You must promise that your rebuttals will always remain friendly and respectful.
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Even though we are explaining that our opponents are wrong, it is never okay to be mean or aggressive.
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My shield symbolizes that we are defending against the arguments of our opponents.
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However, the yin yang signifies that there is a bit of truth in our opponents' arguments.
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The process of argument and rebuttal helps us all to learn for this reason We respect, and appreciate our opponents and their arguments.
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Finally, we attack arguments, but never people.
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Do you promise to respect and value your opponents at all times?
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Excellent!
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Then let's get started.
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Today I will show you the four simple steps of rebuttal.
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They are: Step 1.
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Briefly state the argument you are refuting.
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Step 2: Express disagreement with the argument.
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Step 3.
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provide reasons for disagreement.
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step 4.
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Brief Conclusion Step 1.
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My opponent says: "The first thing you need to do is clearly and briefly summarize the argument of your opponent."
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The audience must know which point you are refuting.
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Step 2.
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However, I would like to challenge this argument.
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In this step, you simply indicate that you will provide reasons why the argument is flawed or wrong.
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Step 3. Because.
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In this step, you provide the reasons why you think the argument is flawed or wrong.
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There could be many reasons why you think the argument is flawed.
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Remember what Structure Sam says and always enumerate these arguments.
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In this step, you simply provide a conclusion to your rebuttal.
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You might say: Therefore, we think that this argument does not stand.
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Let's look at an example of a refutation in an actual debate.
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Let's first hear the argument that we will rebut.
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to refute We need to listen carefully.
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Listen to the claim, reasoning and evidence before constructing your rebuttal.
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Let's look at an argument we have heard before on the topic.
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Kids should not be allowed to have mobile phones.
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Ladies and gentlemen, my first argument to support the topic that kids should not be allowed to have mobile phones
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Mobile phones are bad for kids' eyes.
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Now, Let me explain the reasons why this is true.
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First of all, mobile phones have a light called a blue light.
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That's what allows us to see the screen.
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If kids look at this light too much, it will hurt their eyes.
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Mobile phones have so many bright colors and images that are too bright for kids eyes.
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Secondly, most kids cannot stop looking at their mobile phones.
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Mobile phones have lots of games and videos that kids like to watch.
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These games and videos are fun and exciting and kids can't stop watching them.
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The bright colors and images are very attractive to kids.
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Third, Sometimes parents and teachers cannot control the mobile phone use.
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Parents and teachers cannot watch their kids at all times because they're busy.
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This means that kids can look at their mobile phones all day, which is bad for their eyes.
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Now!
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Let me introduce some evidence to support this claim.
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A new study says that smartphones may ruin your eyesight.
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Researchers at the University of Toledo in Ohio have found that exposure to blue light The glow emitted from most smartphones,
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tablets, and laptops promotes the growth of poisonous molecules in your eyes leading to macular degeneration. So!
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Ladies and gentlemen, We believe that kids should not have mobile phones because they are too harmful to kids' eyes.
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Now, let's look at an example of the four steps in action.
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My opponent's first argument was mobile phones are harmful to kids' eyes.
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They explained that the blue light on the phone, along with the inability of kids to control phone use, will damage their eyes and can even lead to blindness.
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However, I would like to challenge this argument.
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I think this argument is flawed for two reasons: 1.
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It is not true that kids cannot control their use of phones.
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We believe that parents can control phone use through screen control apps.
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We also think that kids can control their phone use and
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that they prefer to play with friends and do things other than look at their phones.
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So it is just not right that if kids have phones, they will look at them like zombies all day long.
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2. Even if kids do look at mobile phones a lot, we don't think it will be that bad for kids' eyes.
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The worst case scenario is that kids have to wear glasses.
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But we don't believe this is such a big deal.
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Also, reading a lot of books can hurt kids' eyes too, but we would never say that kids should not be allowed to read.
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Therefore, we think that the effects of mobile phones on kids' eyes are not a reason kids should not have mobile phones.
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There, we have seen an example of a rebuttal in action.
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Once you master the four steps, I will introduce you to more refutation techniques.
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For now, go ahead and respectfully refute each one of your opponent's arguments.
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Good luck!
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 87 phrases et 996 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 6:26. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 155 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 85 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots moins courants de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
- opponent /əˈpəʊ.nənt/ (nom) — opposant. One who opposes another; one who works or takes a position against someone or something; one who attempts to stop the progress of someone or something.
- flawed /flɔːd/ (adjectif) — déficient, incorrect. Having a flaw or imperfection.
- topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (nom) — sujet, thème. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
- conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/ (nom) — conclusion, fin. The end, finish, close or last part of something.
- introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ (verbe) — présenter. To cause (someone) to be acquainted (with someone else).
- briefly /ˈbɹiːfli/ (adverbe) — brièvement, concisément. In a brief manner, summarily.
- gentleman /ˈd͡ʒɛn.təl.mən/ (nom) — monsieur. Any well-bred, well-mannered, or charming man.
- smartphone /ˈsmɑɹtfoʊn/ (nom) — smartphone, ordiphone. A mobile phone with more advanced features and greater computing capacity than a feature phone.
- harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/ (adjectif) — dangereux, nuisible. Causing or likely to cause harm or damage; injurious.
- disagreement /dɪsəˈɡɹiːmənt/ (nom) — désaccord. An argument or debate.
- defend /dɪˈfɪnd/ (verbe) — défendre. To ward off attacks against (something or someone).
- technique /tɛkˈniːk/ (nom) — technique. The practical aspects of a given art, occupation etc.; formal requirements.
- carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ (adverbe) — soigneusement. With care; attentively, circumspectly.
- exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/ (nom) — exposition. The condition of being exposed, uncovered, or unprotected.
- indicate /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ (verbe) — indiquer, signaler. To point out; to discover; to direct to a knowledge of; to show; to make known.
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
- look at (verbe) — regarder. To observe or watch.
- go ahead /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ (verbe) — vas-y, allez-y. To proceed with; to begin.
- step in (verbe) — remplacer, substituer. To act as a replacement or substitute.
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 4 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, can't, they're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, shield /ˈʃild/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, refutation /ˌɹɛf.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: disagreement /dɪsəˈɡɹiːmənt/, inability /ˌɪnəˈbɪlɪti/, refutation /ˌɹɛf.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/, degeneration /dɪˌdʒɛnəˈɹeɪʃən/, enumerate /ɪˈn(j)u.məˌɹeɪt/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme opponent, flawed, topic.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Phrases conditionnelles if + proposition, will/would + verbe — une condition et son résultat | if kids have phones, they will look |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is flawed · should not be allowed |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has built · have heard · have found |
| Conseil avec « should » should + verbe — dire ce qu’il vaut mieux faire | should not be · should not have |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.