Pratique du Shadowing: Intellectual Property: Copyrights - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Copyright is the right to stop others from copying or performing or using or selling your creative work.
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Copyright can exist in a lot of different work products, certainly in software, in your code code.
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That can be copyrighted.
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Obviously, music and movies, these are all copyrighted novels, works of art.
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To protect your copyrights, you have the option of registering it.
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It's not essential, but it gives you advantages, and we'll talk about those advantages.
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Filing a registration does give you some advantages, some statutory advantages in the area of enforceability.
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You can't sue anyone for copyright infringement unless you have registered.
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In addition, statutory damages don't begin to accrue unless and until you've registered your copyright.
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So think about it.
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If it's a critical point of your technology, you might want to go to the trouble of registering your copyright.
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What is copyrightable?
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It doesn't take much to be copyrightable.
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It has to be original and it has to be creative.
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What isn't copyrightable is mere sweat of the brow.
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Simply compiling a list of everyone who attended the Ohio State Fair on Tuesday is not copyrightable.
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How you present that list might be.
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The term of copyright, the duration of copyright is just amazingly long
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and it's been lengthened by the Congress a couple of times over the years.
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It lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years.
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That is a long time.
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It's more important perhaps in some artistic works.
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Mickey and Minnie are very glad that the copyright statute has extended the term of copyright protection a couple of times.
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They've been primary beneficiaries of that.
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This is very hard to study and search in advance.
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Probably it's going to come out of the blue.
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Someone will accuse you of having infringed their copyright.
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Copyright infringement comes in a lot of different flavors.
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If it happens, look at your development process for the copyrighted material or the material that somebody alleges is copyrighted.
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Now copyright infringement is not like patents.
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Patents, you can infringe a patent if you knew nothing about it.
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Copyright's different.
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You only infringe a copyright if you actually copy the work.
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So you put their design in front of you and you do your design from theirs and it looks the same.
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That's probably infringement of their copyright.
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But if you came up with a design on your own, that's not copyright infringement.
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You didn't copy.
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If in fact it turns out that you did copy their work, once again maybe you just removed the work.
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Remember, copyright only covers the expression, not the underlying idea.
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You may need to rewrite some code, you may need to rewrite some literature.
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Even if it does turn out that you're using somebody else's copyright at work, we're not done yet.
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There are defenses to copyright infringement, and one of the best known is fair use.
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Fair use is a very amorphous defense to copyright infringement, but it can be broad in the right circumstances.
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If you're making a minimal use of copyrighted work, it may very well be fair use.
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If you're using it in parity, it may very well be fair use.
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Complicated area, I just want you to understand that because somebody accuses you of copyright infringement, and even if it turns out that you've got their content in your work,
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stop, take a breath, think about some of the defenses that are available, including especially fair use.
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What you want to keep is drafts of works that you created.
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Remember, the argument in a copyright infringement allegation is that you copied somebody else's work.
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Well, if you've got drafts going back over a period of time showing
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that you developed the materials yourself and showing perhaps what source materials you did work from,
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this is going to be a very powerful defense against the allegation that you copied their work.
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Remember, copying requires actual copying.
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It isn't sufficient that something is similar.
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So if you can show that you developed your work from a different path and didn't simply copy their work,
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that's a defense to the allegation that you've infringed their copyright.
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Now, an important point, open source code.
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Code writers use it all the time.
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It's a major asset is a major tool.
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However, remember, open source code comes with its own licensing terms.
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And the most troublesome of these can be
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that the incorporation of open source code into a larger piece of code can render
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that entire larger product subject to the open source code licensing terms, which means that anyone can copy it and use it.
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That's probably not what you want.
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So be very careful about incorporating open source code into your code.
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And be aware that there are products out there
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that will help people search code that's available on the market for open source code to determine whether
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or not it is now subject to the open source code licensing terms.
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So, it's wonderful to have opportunities, and you have an opportunity to protect the intellectual property that your company is creating.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 69 phrases et 851 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:57. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 172 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 84 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| copyright nom | /ˈkɑpiˌɹaɪt/ | droit d'auteur, copyright |
| infringement nom | /ɪnˈfɹɪnd͡ʒmənt/ | infraction |
| patent nom | /ˈpeɪtənt/ | brevet |
| allegation nom | /ˌæl.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ | assertion, allégation |
| statutory adjectif | /ˈstæt͡ʃəˌtɔɹi/ | statutaire |
| accuse verbe | /əˈkjuz/ | accuser |
| complicated adjectif | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | compliqué, alambiqué |
| extend verbe | /ɛkˈstɛnd/ | étendre |
| registration nom | /ˌɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪˈstɹeɪ.ʃən/ | enregistrement |
| intellectual adjectif | /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/ | intellectuel |
| breathe verbe | /bɹiːð/ | respirer, inspirer |
| asset nom | /ˈæsɛt/ | actif |
| artistic adjectif | /ɑɹˈtɪs.tɪk/ | artistique |
| underlying adjectif | sous-jacent | |
| duration nom | /dʒʊˈɹeɪ.ʃən/ | durée |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
| come up with verbe | inventer, imaginer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have registered · you've registered · it's been lengthened |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | can be copyrighted · been lengthened · is copyrighted |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | everyone who attended · terms, which means |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 17 contractions et formes réduites, comme you've, you're, didn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: breathe /bɹiːð/, theirs /ðɛɚz/, lengthen /ˈlɛŋθən/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: allegation /ˌæl.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/, registration /ˌɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪˈstɹeɪ.ʃən/, sufficient /səˈfɪʃənt/, duration /dʒʊˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, beneficiary /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ɚ.i/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: allegation /ˌæl.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/, statutory /ˈstæt͡ʃəˌtɔɹi/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, registration /ˌɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪˈstɹeɪ.ʃən/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme copyright, infringement, patent.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.