Shadowing Practice: How To Kill A Volcano - Learn English Speaking with Video
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29 משפטים
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Volcanoes are one of the most powerful forces on Earth.
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Their lava can destroy cities and their ash clouds can blot out the sun.
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And there is basically nothing we can do to make sure a volcano will never erupt again, except wait for it to die.
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So while we wait, what is it exactly that kills a volcano?
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Hi, I'm Cameron and this is MinuteEarth.
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There are three main ways a volcano can die, and the first is if its supply of magma fizzles out.
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together or pulling apart of tectonic plates can cause magma to form, but when those plates fuse together, the magma forming activity stops, snuffing out the volcano.
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Poland's Kachowsky Hills and Foothills has a whole national park devoted to volcanoes that suffered this fate.
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Locals call it the land of extinct volcanoes.
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The second way a volcano can die is if it gets dragged away from its magma supply.
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Sometimes, weird conditions in specific places can melt the mantle, sending up a plume of melting mantle rock,
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known as a hotspot, that pools beneath the crust and can birth a volcano.
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The hotspot itself doesn't ever move, but the Earth's crust above it does, so the volcano will eventually leave its magma supply behind.
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But since the hotspot itself is still there, when one volcano dies in this way, a new one might form next to it, and then a new one forms next to that, and so on.
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The Hawaiian Islands, for instance, are the newest volcanoes formed by a hotspot that
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that has left a trail of dead volcanoes that stretches all the way to Russia.
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The third way a volcano can die is if it gets clogged.
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Like, if conditions in the mantle change and the magma flow slows down, the magma that's already in the volcano's vents can cool, hardening into a giant plug.
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50 million years later, that plug might be all that's left of the volcano.
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Or, if the volcano's vents somehow get damaged, the magma might not be able to escape.
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In these cases, the remaining magma will often find its way to a different spot nearby, where it can escape.
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That's likely what happened when, in a spectacular eruption, the largest ever actually, a volcano called Toba clogged itself.
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Evidence suggests that the magma from its chamber got rerouted to nearby Cinnabon, which is still active today.
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Of course, it's really, really hard to tell exactly what's going on underneath a volcano, so we're not always sure what has happened to a volcano.
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In fact, sometimes it's hard to tell whether a volcano is actually dead.
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Udurunko in Bolivia hasn't erupted in 250,000 years, so scientists assumed it was long gone, but recently it started rumbling again,
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suggesting the possibility of future volcanic activity.
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It turns out that Udurunko, and other quiet volcanoes like it, might not be dead after all.
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Instead, they could be taking magma-nificently long naps.
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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This video has 29 sentences and 492 words to shadow. The speech runs for 2:39. The speaker talks fast, about 185 words per minute, so expect linked and reduced sounds. Only 74% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.
Key vocabulary in this video
15 words from the video worth learning, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| volcano noun | /vɑlˈkeɪ.noʊ/ | A vent or fissure on the surface of a planet (usually in a mountainous form) with a magma chamber attached to the mantle of a planet or moon, periodically… |
| mantle noun | /ˈmæn.təl/ | A piece of clothing somewhat like an open robe or cloak, especially that worn by Orthodox bishops. |
| plug noun | /plʌɡ/ | A pronged connecting device which fits into a mating socket, especially an electrical one. |
| melt verb | /mɛlt/ | To change (or to be changed) from a solid state to a liquid state, usually by a gradual heat. |
| vent noun | /vɛnt/ | An opening through which gases, especially air, can pass. |
| crust noun | /kɹʌst/ | A more solid, dense or hard layer on a surface or boundary. |
| chamber noun | /ˈt͡ʃeɪ̯mbɚ/ | The private room of an individual, especially of someone wealthy or noble. |
| cloud noun | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | A visible mass of water droplets suspended in the air. |
| suffer verb | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | To undergo hardship. |
| trail noun | /tɹeɪl/ | The track or indication marking the route followed by something that has passed, such as the footprints of animal on land or the contrail of an airplane in the… |
| fate noun | /feɪt/ | The presumed cause, force, principle, or divine will that predetermines events. |
| stretch verb | /stɹɛt͡ʃ/ | To lengthen by pulling. |
| drag verb | /dɹæɡ/ | To pull along a surface or through a medium, sometimes with difficulty. |
| beneath | /bɪˈniːθ/ | Below. |
| scientist noun | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | One whose activities make use of the scientific method to answer questions regarding the measurable universe. A scientist may be involved in original research… |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| send up verb | To imitate (someone or something) for the purpose of satirical humour. |
| slow down verb | To decelerate. |
| turn out verb | To end up; to result. |
Pronunciation to watch
The speaker uses 4 contractions and reduced forms, such as doesn't, hasn't, I'm. Say them the short way, as you hear them.
- The “th” sounds: beneath /bɪˈniːθ/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like volcano, mantle, plug.
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