शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Education gap: The root of inequality - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
अभ्यास मोड चुनें
हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
70 वाक्य
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Educational inequality is probably more than anything else the fundamental root of broader inequality.
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If we look at inequality and access to particular careers, inequality and income and wealth,
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inequality in the nature of political participation,
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all those things are mitigated by equalizing the skills that education produces.
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Not only the academic skills but the dispositions, the frames of minds, the the conscientiousness, the diligence, the sense of agency.
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And so I think there is nothing more important we could do
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to produce the type of society we want
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than to raise outcomes in the field of education so that knowing somebody's race or ethnicity
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tells you nothing at all about what their test scores or grades or occupation might be.
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Boston is a place where I think we are a national leader on many educational fronts,
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But the story is really that we're not doing everything that we want to be doing.
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We aren't delivering on all of the outcomes that we want to deliver.
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And it's really an educational equity issue.
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So we do see the disparities by gender and by race in educational outcomes in Boston.
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And if we're really going to get to for all results, which is where
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Boston wants to get, we've got to dig in on educational equity issues.
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There's not just one challenge to face when we talk about achievement gaps.
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Even if we just talk about racial achievement gaps, we have students of color in high -income suburban districts that are lagging their white classmates.
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We have inner -city school districts that are high poverty, have a difficult time attracting teachers.
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So the work
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that needs to happen is to figure out how in each of these contexts we can make the changes
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that are necessary to produce the excellence to which we aspire.
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Their needs, the kids in the inner cities have, the people in upper income suburbs never even imagine.
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But the most effective schools and teachers in the inner city adapt to those needs.
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They meet the kids where they are.
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They establish person environment fit for these kids as they pass through the school.
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And if we can do that at some greater scale,
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it truly is plausible that we can have much less poverty in the next generations
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and that we can have the society with regard to race that we want in the future.
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Achievement gaps by race, gender, and socioeconomic status are stark in the national data by the age of two.
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So we can't wait till school starts.
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There's an initiative we've just launched in Boston called the Boston Basics, where we've got five basic ideas about early childhood parenting, five propositions
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that we want everybody in the city to know
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we're saturating the city with what young parents of young children need to know in order
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that their kids don't fall behind by the age of two.
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It's not just about giving information, it's about building that niche of social support around them so
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that they know that the grandparents and the relatives and the minister
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and the barber all know this is important and that they are being supported to do these things.
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You can do it with materials that are already in the house
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and there's nothing in here that is particular to any particular racial, ethnic or socioeconomic group.
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This is human stuff.
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This is stuff that everybody in the community can benefit from.
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The second thing that excites me these days is the youth culture piece of it.
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Schools have two curricula.
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They have the curricula the teachers teach and the ones the kids teach.
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Part of what we're picking up is a lot of the misbehavior is instances where kids are doing things
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they don't even want to do.
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They're just trying to fit in.
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And so the idea of intervening into the youth culture
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and helping kids to develop the culture they really want in their school.
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They've already got the right values.
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They don't have the social opportunities to live out those values.
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You just have to like help students want to help each other.
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It takes student leadership to give people permission even to say what they would think is cool.
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So are you a student leader?
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I tried.
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You try to be?
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How plausible is it
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that you could organize a project at the school where you would get students to talk honestly about the way
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they really wanted to be?
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If you could, we can tell your story.
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You can help other people at other places.
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There's no choice but to try to make the things happen that we know need to happen.
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Because it's too scary what would happen if they don't happen.
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These days are so reminiscent of the 60s and early 70s.
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All those issues are coming back.
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There was a period where you thought we'd gotten over that.
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But there are enough instances where people have produced lots of progress in inner city schools to think
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that if we really want to do it, if we really have the political will to make it happen, we can.
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Because it's our generational responsibility to work on it no matter whether we're optimistic or pessimistic.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Education gap: The root of inequality” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: happen, inequality, educational, Boston, student। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 70 वाक्य और 875 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 5:29 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 159 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। 89% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली आसान है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| inequality संज्ञा | /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/ | असमानता |
| gap संज्ञा | /ɡæp/ | अंतर |
| achievement संज्ञा | /əˈt͡ʃiːv.mənt/ | उपलब्धि |
| poverty संज्ञा | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | ग़रीबी, निर्धनता |
| skill संज्ञा | /skɪl/ | कुशलता, कौशल |
| plausible विशेषण | /ˈplɑ.zɪ.bəl/ | मुमकिन |
| relative संज्ञा | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | रिश्तेदार, नातेदार |
| establish क्रिया | /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ | स्थापना |
| scary विशेषण | /ˈskɛə.ɹi/ | भयानक, डरावना |
| initiative संज्ञा | /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/ | पहल |
| ethnic विशेषण | /ˈɛθ.nɪk/ | संजातीय, नस्ली |
| participation संज्ञा | /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/ | सहभागिता, शराकत |
| occupation संज्ञा | /ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/ | व्यवसाय, काम |
| excellence संज्ञा | /ˈɛksələns/ | कमाल |
| organize क्रिया | /ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/ | व्यवस्था करना |
वीडियो में आने वाली फ़्रेज़ल वर्ब
| शब्द | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| come back क्रिया | वापस आना |
| pick up क्रिया | उठाना |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | we've just launched · have produced |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | are mitigated · being supported |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 17 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे we're, don't, we've। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, ethnicity /ɛθˈnɪsɪti/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: racial /ˈɹeɪʃəl/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/, participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, occupation /ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, curriculum /kəˈɹɪk.jə.ləm/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, achievement /əˈt͡ʃiːv.mənt/, poverty /ˈpɑːvɚti/, equity /ˈɛk.wɪ.ti/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: plausible /ˈplɑ.zɪ.bəl/, organize /ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/, suburbs /ˈsʌbɝbz/, proposition /ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/, disposition /ˌdɪs.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
- शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: skill /skɪl/, scary /ˈskɛə.ɹi/, stark /stɑɹk/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर inequality, gap, achievement जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।