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Hey guys, welcome to my second video on physiology and today's topic is homeostasis, how the body is balanced.
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So let's get started.
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Homeostasis, what does that even mean?
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So homeo means similar, stasis stable or stand still.
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So homeostasis is how to keep the body's internal environment constant.
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This is different from hemostasis because hemo means blood.
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Hemostasis is how to control your blood, talking about bleeding, coagulation and stuff like that.
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That's why we have the field of hematology, which is the study of blood.
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So, homeostasis is different from hemostasis.
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When you first start learning about anything, what's the first question?
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What's the definition?
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So what is homeostasis?
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It's the maintenance of nearly constant circumstances in your body's internal environment.
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The internal environment of your body is usually the ECF,
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extracellular fluid, as I've told you before in the previous video.
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As an example here, You have the hydrogen ion concentration.
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Usually they should be less than 5 nanomoles per liter.
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This is 0.00000000005 moles per liter.
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Very tiny amount, but it's tightly regulated.
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In fact, only a narrow range of pH is compatible with life.
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Usually the pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.
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Theoretically you can live between 7 and 7.7 pH.
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Anything less than that or more than that, you're dead.
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These numbers are not actual numbers.
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The pH is a logarithm.
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So, they are very teeny tiny amounts of hydrogen, any excess, any decrease, and you're done.
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So, I see, homeostasis is very serious.
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But what's the definition of disease? disease is nothing but a disrupted homeostasis.
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Wow!
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So disease is called pathology.
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Homeostasis is called physiology.
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A new field of science is born.
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Pathophysiology.
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So how does your body work?
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You have the good stuff such as nutrients, the bad stuff, the waste products and carbon dioxide, and you need communication systems.
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So how to get the good stuff?
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To get nutrients you need to eat This is the gastrointestinal tract.
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To breathe, you need the respiratory system to get oxygen.
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Okay, now how to give the food and oxygen to every single cell in your body?
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You need the circulatory system or cardiovascular system, also known as CVS.
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Not the pharmacy, okay?
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Then we have the bad stuff, the waste products.
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The liver and the kidney will deal with this junk.
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For communication, fast communication, you have the neurons very fast.
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For slow communication, you will need stuff called hormones.
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So let's talk briefly about every system in your body.
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We start with the circulatory system or cardiovascular system.
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Heart pumping blood into arteries.
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They go into capillaries or capillary bed.
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Exchange will occur with the cells.
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Blood will give the cells nutrients and oxygen and will take the waste products and CO2.
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Plasma, which is in the blood, is continually mixed with the interstitial fluid between the cells.
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Very important.
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Now let's go to the lungs.
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Now we have all the CO2 and waste products going back to the heart.
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The heart will pump them in a pulmonary artery, will pump the CO2 to the lungs.
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The lungs will breathe out the CO2 called exhalation and will breathe in the oxygen called inhalation.
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Now oxygen can go to the blood and the cycle goes over again.
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CO2 is the most abundant of all metabolic products.
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Let's talk about the GI and the liver.
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You eat from your mouth, of course, and then it goes to the stomach and the small intestines.
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Not all of the absorbed stuff is cool.
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No, we need some lab to tell us.
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Is it useful to us now?
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Should we wait and store it?
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Should we convert it to other more usable stuff?
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And this is called the liver, your body's laboratory.
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Your body's laboratory will change chemical compound.
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It will store products and it will eliminate waste products.
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Very cool.
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And now the kidney.
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The kidney is king.
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Filters the plasma, some of which will be reabsorbed, other will be excreted in urine.
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Goodbye.
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Acid-base regulation to regulate the pH of your blood.
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Also some endocrine function.
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To the tech savvy here, let's talk about communication.
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You have the very fast nervous system composed of neurons or nerve cells.
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It starts usually in the skin to pick stimuli.
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So this is the skin and this neuron here is called the sensory neuron.
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Let's say that you're touching a hot object.
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Okay, very hot.
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So it will tell your CNS or central nervous system, which is the brain and the spinal cord, that there is something hot here.
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It will relay it through an interneuron to another one, which is now a motor neuron,
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to tell your muscles, pull up your hands from this hot object, you idiot.
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Second, the slow system, the hormonal system.
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We have some glands called endocrine glands, such as this nice thyroid gland,
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and it will secrete thyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream.
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Thyroid hormone is carried by the blood, and now thyroid hormone is like the oven of your body.
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Everything is hot.
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Everything is working so fast.
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That's why patients with hyperthyroidism, they feel hot all the time.
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All of their systems are working very fast.
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They lose a lot of weight, etc. On the other hand, patients with low thyroid level,
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also known as hypothyroidism, they gain weight, they feel cold.
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It's the opposite.
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So hormones are very, very important.
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Before I let you go, here is a question for you.
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The extracellular fluid has blank sodium ions than its intracellular counterpart.
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So does the extracellular fluid has more sodium, less sodium, the same sodium as the intracellular, or is it variable?
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If you'd like to know the answer, go to my Facebook page, facebook.com forward slash medicosis.
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And let me know what you think the answer is down below in the comments.
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I'll see you in the next video with a new physiology video.
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But now, don't forget to subscribe and hit the bell.
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Also, I'd like to see you on Facebook, Twitter, SoundCloud, Instagram, and please consider supporting this channel on Patreon.
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Thank you so much for watching.
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This is Medicosis Perfectionalis.
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As always, be safe, stay happy, and study hard.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “Homeostasis - How Your Body Keeps its Balance - Physiology Series”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: blood, homeostasis, products, hot, neuron. Questo video contiene 108 frasi e 1031 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 7:53. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 131 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Solo il 81% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| homeostasis sostantivo | /ˌhoʊ.mi.oʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/ | omeostasi |
| neuron sostantivo | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neurocito |
| thyroid aggettivo | /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/ | tiroide |
| hormone sostantivo | /ˈhoɹmoʊn/ | ormone |
| sodium sostantivo | /ˈsəʊ.di.əm/ | sodio |
| extracellular aggettivo | extracellulare | |
| gland sostantivo | /ɡlænd/ | ghiandola |
| nutrient sostantivo | /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/ | nutriente, principe nutritivo |
| physiology sostantivo | /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | fisiologia |
| kidney sostantivo | /ˈkɪdni/ | rene |
| capillary sostantivo | /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/ | capillare, vaso capillare |
| circulatory aggettivo | /ˈsɝkjələˌtɔɹi/ | circolatorio |
| endocrine aggettivo | /ˈɛnd.oʊ.kɹɪn/ | endocrino |
| intracellular aggettivo | intracellulare | |
| litre sostantivo | /ˈli.tɚ/ | litro |
Frasi da ripetere
Frasi brevi e complete del video che puoi riutilizzare nella conversazione di tutti i giorni:
- When you first start learning about anything, what's the first question?
- Is it useful to us now?
- Should we wait and store it?
- Should we convert it to other more usable stuff?
- Your body's laboratory will change chemical compound.
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is balanced · is called · is born |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | hematology, which is · Plasma, which is · system, which is |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 8 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come you're, don't, I'd. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, hyperthyroidism /ˌhaɪ̯pəˈθaɪ̯ɹɔɪ̯ˌdɪzəm/, hypothyroidism /ˌhaɪpəˈθaɪɹɔɪˌdɪzəm/, logarithm /ˈlɑ.ɡə.ɹɪ.ð(ə)m/, pathology /pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: coagulation /koʊ.æɡjuˈleɪʃən/, exhalation /ˌɛkshəˈleɪ̯ʃən/, inhalation /ˌɪnhəˈleɪʃən/, interstitial /ɪntəɹˈstɪʃəl/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: homeostasis /ˌhoʊ.mi.oʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/, hemostasis /ˌhiːməˈsteɪsɪs/, physiology /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/, circulatory /ˈsɝkjələˌtɔɹi/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: homeostasis /ˌhoʊ.mi.oʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/, hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, hemostasis /ˌhiːməˈsteɪsɪs/, hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, exhalation /ˌɛkshəˈleɪ̯ʃən/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: homeostasis /ˌhoʊ.mi.oʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/, thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, gland /ɡlænd/, hemostasis /ˌhiːməˈsteɪsɪs/, nutrient /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: gland /ɡlænd/, capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/, cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdi.əʊˈvæskjʊlə(ɹ)/, plasma /ˈplæzmə/, coagulation /koʊ.æɡjuˈleɪʃən/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come homeostasis, neuron, thyroid.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.