Pratique du Shadowing: Homeostasis - How Your Body Keeps its Balance - Physiology Series - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Hey guys, welcome to my second video on physiology and today's topic is homeostasis, how the body is balanced.
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So let's get started.
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Homeostasis, what does that even mean?
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So homeo means similar, stasis stable or stand still.
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So homeostasis is how to keep the body's internal environment constant.
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This is different from hemostasis because hemo means blood.
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Hemostasis is how to control your blood, talking about bleeding, coagulation and stuff like that.
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That's why we have the field of hematology, which is the study of blood.
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So, homeostasis is different from hemostasis.
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When you first start learning about anything, what's the first question?
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What's the definition?
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So what is homeostasis?
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It's the maintenance of nearly constant circumstances in your body's internal environment.
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The internal environment of your body is usually the ECF,
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extracellular fluid, as I've told you before in the previous video.
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As an example here, You have the hydrogen ion concentration.
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Usually they should be less than 5 nanomoles per liter.
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This is 0.00000000005 moles per liter.
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Very tiny amount, but it's tightly regulated.
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In fact, only a narrow range of pH is compatible with life.
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Usually the pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.
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Theoretically you can live between 7 and 7.7 pH.
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Anything less than that or more than that, you're dead.
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These numbers are not actual numbers.
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The pH is a logarithm.
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So, they are very teeny tiny amounts of hydrogen, any excess, any decrease, and you're done.
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So, I see, homeostasis is very serious.
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But what's the definition of disease? disease is nothing but a disrupted homeostasis.
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Wow!
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So disease is called pathology.
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Homeostasis is called physiology.
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A new field of science is born.
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Pathophysiology.
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So how does your body work?
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You have the good stuff such as nutrients, the bad stuff, the waste products and carbon dioxide, and you need communication systems.
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So how to get the good stuff?
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To get nutrients you need to eat This is the gastrointestinal tract.
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To breathe, you need the respiratory system to get oxygen.
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Okay, now how to give the food and oxygen to every single cell in your body?
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You need the circulatory system or cardiovascular system, also known as CVS.
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Not the pharmacy, okay?
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Then we have the bad stuff, the waste products.
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The liver and the kidney will deal with this junk.
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For communication, fast communication, you have the neurons very fast.
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For slow communication, you will need stuff called hormones.
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So let's talk briefly about every system in your body.
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We start with the circulatory system or cardiovascular system.
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Heart pumping blood into arteries.
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They go into capillaries or capillary bed.
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Exchange will occur with the cells.
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Blood will give the cells nutrients and oxygen and will take the waste products and CO2.
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Plasma, which is in the blood, is continually mixed with the interstitial fluid between the cells.
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Very important.
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Now let's go to the lungs.
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Now we have all the CO2 and waste products going back to the heart.
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The heart will pump them in a pulmonary artery, will pump the CO2 to the lungs.
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The lungs will breathe out the CO2 called exhalation and will breathe in the oxygen called inhalation.
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Now oxygen can go to the blood and the cycle goes over again.
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CO2 is the most abundant of all metabolic products.
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Let's talk about the GI and the liver.
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You eat from your mouth, of course, and then it goes to the stomach and the small intestines.
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Not all of the absorbed stuff is cool.
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No, we need some lab to tell us.
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Is it useful to us now?
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Should we wait and store it?
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Should we convert it to other more usable stuff?
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And this is called the liver, your body's laboratory.
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Your body's laboratory will change chemical compound.
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It will store products and it will eliminate waste products.
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Very cool.
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And now the kidney.
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The kidney is king.
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Filters the plasma, some of which will be reabsorbed, other will be excreted in urine.
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Goodbye.
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Acid-base regulation to regulate the pH of your blood.
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Also some endocrine function.
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To the tech savvy here, let's talk about communication.
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You have the very fast nervous system composed of neurons or nerve cells.
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It starts usually in the skin to pick stimuli.
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So this is the skin and this neuron here is called the sensory neuron.
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Let's say that you're touching a hot object.
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Okay, very hot.
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So it will tell your CNS or central nervous system, which is the brain and the spinal cord, that there is something hot here.
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It will relay it through an interneuron to another one, which is now a motor neuron,
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to tell your muscles, pull up your hands from this hot object, you idiot.
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Second, the slow system, the hormonal system.
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We have some glands called endocrine glands, such as this nice thyroid gland,
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and it will secrete thyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream.
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Thyroid hormone is carried by the blood, and now thyroid hormone is like the oven of your body.
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Everything is hot.
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Everything is working so fast.
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That's why patients with hyperthyroidism, they feel hot all the time.
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All of their systems are working very fast.
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They lose a lot of weight, etc. On the other hand, patients with low thyroid level,
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also known as hypothyroidism, they gain weight, they feel cold.
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It's the opposite.
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So hormones are very, very important.
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Before I let you go, here is a question for you.
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The extracellular fluid has blank sodium ions than its intracellular counterpart.
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So does the extracellular fluid has more sodium, less sodium, the same sodium as the intracellular, or is it variable?
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If you'd like to know the answer, go to my Facebook page, facebook.com forward slash medicosis.
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And let me know what you think the answer is down below in the comments.
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I'll see you in the next video with a new physiology video.
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But now, don't forget to subscribe and hit the bell.
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Also, I'd like to see you on Facebook, Twitter, SoundCloud, Instagram, and please consider supporting this channel on Patreon.
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Thank you so much for watching.
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This is Medicosis Perfectionalis.
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As always, be safe, stay happy, and study hard.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Homeostasis - How Your Body Keeps its Balance - Physiology Series ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : blood, homeostasis, products, hot, neuron. Cette vidéo contient 108 phrases et 1031 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 7:53. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 131 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 81 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| homeostasis nom | /ˌhoʊ.mi.oʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/ | homéostasie |
| neuron nom | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neurone, cellule nerveuse |
| thyroid adjectif | /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/ | thyroïde |
| hormone nom | /ˈhoɹmoʊn/ | hormone |
| sodium nom | /ˈsəʊ.di.əm/ | sodium |
| gland nom | /ɡlænd/ | glande |
| hemostasis nom | /ˌhiːməˈsteɪsɪs/ | hémostase |
| nutrient nom | /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/ | nutriment |
| physiology nom | /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | physiologie |
| kidney nom | /ˈkɪdni/ | rein |
| capillary nom | /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/ | capillaire |
| circulatory adjectif | /ˈsɝkjələˌtɔɹi/ | circulatoire |
| endocrine adjectif | /ˈɛnd.oʊ.kɹɪn/ | endocrinien |
| intracellular adjectif | intracellulaire | |
| litre nom | /ˈli.tɚ/ | litre |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| pull up verbe | /ˌpʊl ˈʌp/ | soulever |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- When you first start learning about anything, what's the first question?
- Is it useful to us now?
- Should we wait and store it?
- Should we convert it to other more usable stuff?
- Your body's laboratory will change chemical compound.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is balanced · is called · is born |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | hematology, which is · Plasma, which is · system, which is |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 8 contractions et formes réduites, comme you're, don't, I'd. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, hyperthyroidism /ˌhaɪ̯pəˈθaɪ̯ɹɔɪ̯ˌdɪzəm/, hypothyroidism /ˌhaɪpəˈθaɪɹɔɪˌdɪzəm/, logarithm /ˈlɑ.ɡə.ɹɪ.ð(ə)m/, pathology /pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: coagulation /koʊ.æɡjuˈleɪʃən/, exhalation /ˌɛkshəˈleɪ̯ʃən/, inhalation /ˌɪnhəˈleɪʃən/, interstitial /ɪntəɹˈstɪʃəl/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: homeostasis /ˌhoʊ.mi.oʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/, hemostasis /ˌhiːməˈsteɪsɪs/, physiology /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/, circulatory /ˈsɝkjələˌtɔɹi/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: homeostasis /ˌhoʊ.mi.oʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/, hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, hemostasis /ˌhiːməˈsteɪsɪs/, hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, exhalation /ˌɛkshəˈleɪ̯ʃən/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: physiology /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, hematology /ˌhiməˈtɒləd͡ʒi/, pathology /pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/, junk /d͡ʒʌŋk/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: neuron /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/, thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, nutrient /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/, capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme homeostasis, neuron, thyroid.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.