シャドーイング練習: EASTERN PHILOSOPHY - Confucius - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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We know very little for certain about the life of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.
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He is said to have been born in 551 BC in China.
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He may have been a student of the Taoist master Lao Tzu.
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According to tradition, he began government service and served many roles, including Minister of Crime under Duke Ding in the state of Lu.
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However, Confucius and the Duke fell out after the Duke received a present from a neighboring ruler, beautiful women and 124 horses.
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The Duke spent all his time riding horses and being entertained by the women, which Confucius found deeply improper for a ruler.
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So he left the court and wandered for years.
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Around between the 3rd and 5th century BC, Confucius's works were collected into the Analects, a collection of sayings written down by his followers.
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Some of the morals Confucius taught are easily recognizable, most notably his version of the Golden Rule, do not do unto others what you don't want done to yourself.
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But some of them also sound very strange or old-fashioned to modern ears, especially to Western ones.
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But we need his advice all the more for this.
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It serves as an antidote to the troubles we currently face.
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Here are a few examples of what Confucius helps us to remember.
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1. Ceremony is important The Analects are filled with strange conversations between Confucius and his disciples, like this one.
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Tsé-Kung wished to do away with the offering of a sheep.
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Confucius said, Tsé, you love the sheep, I love the ceremony.
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At first this is baffling, if not also humorous.
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Why not save the sheep?
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But Confucius is reminding Tze and us about the importance of ceremony.
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In the modern world we tend to shun ceremony and see this as a good thing, a sign of intimacy or a lack of pretension.
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But Confucius believed in the value of ceremonies over sheep because he valued what he called ritual propriety.
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This might seem a very outdated and conservative idea, but in fact many of us long for particular rituals that meal mum cooked for us whenever we were sick,
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or the yearly birthday outing, or our wedding vows.
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We understand that certain premeditated, deliberate and precise gestures stir our emotions deeply.
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Rituals make our intentions clear and they help us to understand how to behave.
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Two, we should treat our parents with reverence.
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In particular, Confucius had a very strict idea about how we should behave towards our parents.
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He believed that we should obey them when we're young, care for them when they're old, mourn at length when they die and make huge sacrifices in their memory thereafter.
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He even said that we shouldn't travel far away
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while our parents are alive and should cover for them if they steal a sheep.
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This attitude is known as filial piety.
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This sounds strange now, when many of us leave our parents home as teenagers and rarely return to visit.
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We may even see them as strangers, arbitrarily thrust upon us by fate.
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After all, our parents are so out of touch, so pitifully human in their shortcomings, so difficult, so judgmental, and they have such bad taste in music.
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Yet Confucius recognize that in many ways moral life begins in the family.
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We cannot truly be caring, wise, grateful and conscientious unless we remember mum's birthday and meet dad for lunch.
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3. We should be obedient to honourable people Modern society is very egalitarian.
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We believe that we're all born equal and should ultimately be able to say and do whatever we like.
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We reject many rigid hierarchical roles.
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Yet Confucius told his followers Let the ruler be a ruler, the subject a subject, a father a father, and a son a son.
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This might sound jarring, but it is in fact important to realise that there are people worthy of our deep veneration, even our simple and humble obedience.
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We need to be modest enough to recognise the people whose experience or accomplishments outweigh our own.
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We should also practise peaceably doing what these people need, ask or command.
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Confucius explained, The relation between superiors and inferiors is like that between the wind and the grass.
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The grass must bend when the wind blows across it.
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Bending gracefully is in fact not a sign of weakness but a gesture of humility and respect.
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Four.
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Cultivated knowledge can be more important than creativity.
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Modern culture places a lot of emphasis on creativity, unique insights that come to us suddenly.
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But Confucius was adamant about the importance of the universal wisdom that comes comes from years of hard work and reflection.
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He listed benevolence, ritual propriety, righteousness, wisdom, integrity, as the five constant virtues.
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While Confucius believed that people were inherently good, he also saw that virtues like these must be constantly cultivated, just like plants in a garden.
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He spoke about moral character and wisdom as the work of a lifetime.
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We can see now why he had such reverence for his elders.
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Of course, a burst of inspiration may well be what we need to start our business
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or redo our rough draft or reinvent our life.
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But if we're being very honest with ourselves, we'll have to admit that we also need to devote more energy to slowly changing our habits.
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This, more than anything else, is what prevents us from becoming truly intelligent, accomplished and wise.
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Confucius died without reforming the decadent Duke and his officials.
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But after his death, his followers created schools and temples in his honour across East Asia, passing his teachings along for over 2,000 years.
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Today, millions of people still follow Confucius' teachings as a spiritual or religious discipline, and his thought has been a huge influence on Eastern political ideas about morality,
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obedience and good leadership.
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We might find Confucian virtues a bit strange or old-fashioned, but this is what ultimately makes them all the more important.
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We need them as a corrective to our own excesses.
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The modern world is almost surprisingly totally un-Confucian, informal, egalitarian and full of innovation.
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So we're conversely at risk of becoming impulsive, irreverent and thoughtless without a little advice from Confucius about good behaviour and cheap.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「EASTERN PHILOSOPHY - Confucius」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：Confucius, sheep, Duke, modern, parents。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が67文、単語が1040語あります。 音声の長さは5:23です。 話す速さは速く、1分あたり約193語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は76%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| ruler 名詞 | /ˈɹulɚ/ | 定規, 物差し |
| ritual 名詞 | /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/ | 儀式, 祭祀 |
| follower 名詞 | /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/ | 支持者 |
| virtue 名詞 | /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/ | 力天使 |
| cultivate 動詞 | /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ | 栽培する |
| obedience 名詞 | /oʊˈbidiəns/ | 服従, 恭順 |
| reverence 名詞 | /ˈɹɛv.ə.ɹəns/ | 崇敬 |
| gesture 名詞 | /ˈd͡ʒɛs.t͡ʃɚ/ | ジェスチャー, 身振り |
| behave 動詞 | /bɪˈheɪv/ | 振る舞う, 行動する |
| creativity 名詞 | /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/ | 創造性, 創造力 |
| antidote 名詞 | /ˈæn.tɪ.doʊt/ | 解毒剤, 解毒薬 |
| arbitrarily 副詞 | 任意に | |
| baffle 動詞 | /ˈbæf(ə)l/ | 間誤付かせる |
| benevolence 名詞 | /bəˈnɛvələns/ | 仁, 慈悲 |
| disciple 名詞 | /dɪˈsaɪ.pəl/ | 弟子, 門徒 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| do away with 動詞 | 止める |
| write down 動詞 | 書き留める, 記す |
注意したい発音
話し手はwe're, don't, shouldn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を8回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: thoughtless /ˈθɔtləs/, thrust /θɹʌst/, thereafter /ˌðɛɹˈæf.tɚ/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: conscientious /ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/, shortcoming /ˈʃɔːtˌkʌmɪŋ/, veneration /ˌvɛnəˈɹeɪʃən/, accomplishment /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ.mənt/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: egalitarian /ɪˌɡæl.ɪˈtɛɹ.i.ən/, creativity /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/, benevolence /bəˈnɛvələns/, conscientious /ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/, hierarchical /ˌhaɪəˈɹɑːkɪkəl/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: ruler /ˈɹulɚ/, ritual /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/, follower /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/, egalitarian /ɪˌɡæl.ɪˈtɛɹ.i.ən/, gracefully /ˈɡɹeɪsfəli/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: virtue /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/, cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/, reverence /ˈɹɛv.ə.ɹəns/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, creativity /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: follower /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/, baffle /ˈbæf(ə)l/, filial /ˈfɪl.i.əl/, gracefully /ˈɡɹeɪsfəli/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。ruler, ritual, followerなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。