Pratique du Shadowing: EASTERN PHILOSOPHY - Confucius - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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We know very little for certain about the life of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.
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He is said to have been born in 551 BC in China.
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He may have been a student of the Taoist master Lao Tzu.
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According to tradition, he began government service and served many roles, including Minister of Crime under Duke Ding in the state of Lu.
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However, Confucius and the Duke fell out after the Duke received a present from a neighboring ruler, beautiful women and 124 horses.
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The Duke spent all his time riding horses and being entertained by the women, which Confucius found deeply improper for a ruler.
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So he left the court and wandered for years.
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Around between the 3rd and 5th century BC, Confucius's works were collected into the Analects, a collection of sayings written down by his followers.
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Some of the morals Confucius taught are easily recognizable, most notably his version of the Golden Rule, do not do unto others what you don't want done to yourself.
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But some of them also sound very strange or old-fashioned to modern ears, especially to Western ones.
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But we need his advice all the more for this.
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It serves as an antidote to the troubles we currently face.
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Here are a few examples of what Confucius helps us to remember.
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1. Ceremony is important The Analects are filled with strange conversations between Confucius and his disciples, like this one.
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Tsé-Kung wished to do away with the offering of a sheep.
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Confucius said, Tsé, you love the sheep, I love the ceremony.
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At first this is baffling, if not also humorous.
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Why not save the sheep?
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But Confucius is reminding Tze and us about the importance of ceremony.
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In the modern world we tend to shun ceremony and see this as a good thing, a sign of intimacy or a lack of pretension.
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But Confucius believed in the value of ceremonies over sheep because he valued what he called ritual propriety.
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This might seem a very outdated and conservative idea, but in fact many of us long for particular rituals that meal mum cooked for us whenever we were sick,
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or the yearly birthday outing, or our wedding vows.
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We understand that certain premeditated, deliberate and precise gestures stir our emotions deeply.
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Rituals make our intentions clear and they help us to understand how to behave.
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Two, we should treat our parents with reverence.
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In particular, Confucius had a very strict idea about how we should behave towards our parents.
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He believed that we should obey them when we're young, care for them when they're old, mourn at length when they die and make huge sacrifices in their memory thereafter.
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He even said that we shouldn't travel far away
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while our parents are alive and should cover for them if they steal a sheep.
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This attitude is known as filial piety.
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This sounds strange now, when many of us leave our parents home as teenagers and rarely return to visit.
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We may even see them as strangers, arbitrarily thrust upon us by fate.
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After all, our parents are so out of touch, so pitifully human in their shortcomings, so difficult, so judgmental, and they have such bad taste in music.
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Yet Confucius recognize that in many ways moral life begins in the family.
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We cannot truly be caring, wise, grateful and conscientious unless we remember mum's birthday and meet dad for lunch.
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3. We should be obedient to honourable people Modern society is very egalitarian.
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We believe that we're all born equal and should ultimately be able to say and do whatever we like.
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We reject many rigid hierarchical roles.
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Yet Confucius told his followers Let the ruler be a ruler, the subject a subject, a father a father, and a son a son.
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This might sound jarring, but it is in fact important to realise that there are people worthy of our deep veneration, even our simple and humble obedience.
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We need to be modest enough to recognise the people whose experience or accomplishments outweigh our own.
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We should also practise peaceably doing what these people need, ask or command.
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Confucius explained, The relation between superiors and inferiors is like that between the wind and the grass.
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The grass must bend when the wind blows across it.
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Bending gracefully is in fact not a sign of weakness but a gesture of humility and respect.
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Four.
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Cultivated knowledge can be more important than creativity.
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Modern culture places a lot of emphasis on creativity, unique insights that come to us suddenly.
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But Confucius was adamant about the importance of the universal wisdom that comes comes from years of hard work and reflection.
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He listed benevolence, ritual propriety, righteousness, wisdom, integrity, as the five constant virtues.
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While Confucius believed that people were inherently good, he also saw that virtues like these must be constantly cultivated, just like plants in a garden.
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He spoke about moral character and wisdom as the work of a lifetime.
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We can see now why he had such reverence for his elders.
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Of course, a burst of inspiration may well be what we need to start our business
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or redo our rough draft or reinvent our life.
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But if we're being very honest with ourselves, we'll have to admit that we also need to devote more energy to slowly changing our habits.
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This, more than anything else, is what prevents us from becoming truly intelligent, accomplished and wise.
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Confucius died without reforming the decadent Duke and his officials.
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But after his death, his followers created schools and temples in his honour across East Asia, passing his teachings along for over 2,000 years.
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Today, millions of people still follow Confucius' teachings as a spiritual or religious discipline, and his thought has been a huge influence on Eastern political ideas about morality,
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obedience and good leadership.
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We might find Confucian virtues a bit strange or old-fashioned, but this is what ultimately makes them all the more important.
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We need them as a corrective to our own excesses.
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The modern world is almost surprisingly totally un-Confucian, informal, egalitarian and full of innovation.
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So we're conversely at risk of becoming impulsive, irreverent and thoughtless without a little advice from Confucius about good behaviour and cheap.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « EASTERN PHILOSOPHY - Confucius ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : Confucius, sheep, Duke, modern, parents. Cette vidéo contient 67 phrases et 1040 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:23. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 193 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 76 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| ruler nom | /ˈɹulɚ/ | règle, latte |
| ritual nom | /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/ | rituel |
| virtue nom | /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/ | vertu |
| cultivate verbe | /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ | cultiver |
| egalitarian adjectif | /ɪˌɡæl.ɪˈtɛɹ.i.ən/ | égalitaire |
| obedience nom | /oʊˈbidiəns/ | obéissance |
| gesture nom | /ˈd͡ʒɛs.t͡ʃɚ/ | geste, signe |
| behave verbe | /bɪˈheɪv/ | se comporter |
| creativity nom | /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/ | créativité |
| adamant adjectif | /ˈæd.ə.mənt/ | inflexible, catégorique |
| antidote nom | /ˈæn.tɪ.doʊt/ | antidote, contrepoison |
| arbitrarily adverbe | arbitrairement | |
| baffle verbe | /ˈbæf(ə)l/ | déconcerter, dérouter |
| benevolence nom | /bəˈnɛvələns/ | bienveillance, bénévolence |
| conscientious adjectif | /ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/ | consciencieux |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| do away with verbe | en finir (avec) |
| fall out verbe | brouiller avec |
| write down verbe | noter, écrire |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 8 contractions et formes réduites, comme we're, don't, shouldn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: thoughtless /ˈθɔtləs/, thrust /θɹʌst/, thereafter /ˌðɛɹˈæf.tɚ/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: conscientious /ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/, shortcoming /ˈʃɔːtˌkʌmɪŋ/, veneration /ˌvɛnəˈɹeɪʃən/, accomplishment /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ.mənt/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: egalitarian /ɪˌɡæl.ɪˈtɛɹ.i.ən/, creativity /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/, benevolence /bəˈnɛvələns/, conscientious /ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/, hierarchical /ˌhaɪəˈɹɑːkɪkəl/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: behave /bɪˈheɪv/, hierarchical /ˌhaɪəˈɹɑːkɪkəl/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, humorous /ˈhjuːməɹəs/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: ritual /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/, virtue /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/, gesture /ˈd͡ʒɛs.t͡ʃɚ/, judgmental /ˌd͡ʒʌd͡ʒˈmɛnt(ə)l/, righteousness /ˈɹaɪt͡ʃəsnəs/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: ruler /ˈɹulɚ/, ritual /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/, follower /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/, egalitarian /ɪˌɡæl.ɪˈtɛɹ.i.ən/, reverence /ˈɹɛv.ə.ɹəns/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme ruler, ritual, virtue.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.