レッスン13 · ステージ1: 基礎
過去形(不規則動詞)
初級Past simple (irregular verbs)
形と使い方
went, saw, took… — 不規則動詞で表す過去の終わった動作
1.不規則動詞とは
よく使う動詞の多くは -ed をつけません。それぞれ独自の過去形があり、よく V2(不規則動詞表の2列目)と呼ばれます:go → went, see → saw, buy → bought。V2 の形はどの主語でも同じです。
使い方は規則動詞とまったく同じで、過去のある時点で終わった動作を表します(レッスン「過去形:-ed, did / didn't」を参照)。
| 例 | |
|---|---|
| 肯定文 | I went home early. |
| 否定文 | I didn't go home early. |
| 疑問文 | Did you go home early? · Where did you go? |
| 答え方 | Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. |
大事なポイント:V2 の形(went, saw, bought)を使うのは肯定文だけです。did / didn't が出てきたら、動詞は原形に戻ります:I didn't go、Did you see…? — 「didn't went」や「did you saw」ではありません。
2.よく使う不規則動詞
同じように変化するグループに分けると、覚えやすくなります。
| パターン | 原形 → 過去形(V2) |
|---|---|
| -ought / -aught(どちらも /ɔːt/ と発音) | buy → bought, bring → brought, think → thought, fight → fought, catch → caught, teach → taught |
| -t で終わる | sleep → slept, keep → kept, feel → felt, leave → left, lose → lost, send → sent, spend → spent, build → built |
| ee / ea → e | meet → met, feed → fed, lead → led, read → read(発音は /red/) |
| 母音が a に変わる | begin → began, drink → drank, sing → sang, swim → swam, sit → sat, give → gave, come → came, eat → ate |
| 母音が o に変わる | break → broke, choose → chose, speak → spoke, steal → stole, wake → woke, drive → drove, ride → rode, write → wrote, get → got, forget → forgot |
| -ew で終わる | know → knew, grow → grew, throw → threw, blow → blew, fly → flew, draw → drew |
| -oo- に変わる | take → took, shake → shook, stand → stood, understand → understood |
| 変化しない | cut → cut, put → put, let → let, hit → hit, cost → cost, shut → shut |
| まったく違う形 — そのまま覚える | go → went, be → was / were, do → did, have → had, make → made, see → saw, say → said, hear → heard, find → found, tell → told, run → ran, fall → fell, win → won |
200個の動詞リストを一度に覚えようとしないでください。上の50個ほどの動詞で、毎日話すことのほとんどをカバーできます。毎晩、自分の1日を過去形の文5〜6個で話してみましょう:I got up at six, I had noodles, I took the bus…
3.V2 か V3 か? まぎらわしいペア
| 原形 | 過去形(V2) | 過去分詞(V3) |
|---|---|---|
| go | went | gone |
| see | saw | seen |
| do | did | done |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| write | wrote | written |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| begin | began | begun |
過去形で使うのは真ん中の列(V2)だけです:I saw her yesterday(I seen her ではない)、We went home(We gone home ではない)。V3 の列は have / has / had の後ろと受動態で使います。レッスン「現在完了形」を見てください。
I bought some mangoes at the market and brought them to the party.
市場でマンゴーを買って、パーティーに持っていきました。(buy → bought; bring → brought)
We won the game — we beat the best team in the league.
試合に勝ちました — リーグ最強のチームを破ったんです。(win + 試合・賞;beat + 相手)
I felt dizzy and nearly fell over.
めまいがして、倒れそうになりました。(feel → felt; fall → fell)
I read that book last summer.
その本は去年の夏に読みました。(過去形の read は綴りは同じですが、/red/ と発音します)
4.疑問文と否定文
過去形のほかの動詞とまったく同じです:did / didn't + 原形。did があれば、不規則な形は消えます。
I didn't sleep well last night.
昨夜はよく眠れませんでした。(didn't slept とは言わない)
Did you take your medicine?
薬は飲みましたか?
What did she say?
彼女は何と言いましたか?
How did you find out?
どうやって知ったのですか?
例外:who / what が主語(動作をする人・もの)のときは did を使わず、動詞は V2 の形です:Who told you? What happened? — レッスン「主語を尋ねる疑問文と目的語を尋ねる疑問文」を見てください。
5.よくある間違い
I goed to the beach.I went to the beach.
go は不規則動詞です:went。
She didn't took the bus.She didn't take the bus.
didn't の後ろは原形です。
Did you saw my message?Did you see my message?
did の後ろは原形です。
I seen him yesterday.I saw him yesterday.
seen は V3 です。過去形は V2 の saw を使います。
We have gone to Hue last month.We went to Hue last month.
last month → 過去形。
He teached me to swim.He taught me to swim.
teach → taught。
例文
- Yesterday I lost my keys at the café.
- She bought a new phone last week.
- I slept for ten hours last night.
- Yesterday we drank the whole bottle of water on the way up Ba Den Mountain.
