第 13 课 · 第 1 阶段: 基础
一般过去时（不规则动词）
初级Past simple (irregular verbs)
构成与用法
went, saw, took… — 用不规则动词表示已完成的过去动作
1.什么是不规则动词
很多最常用的动词不加 -ed。它们有自己特有的过去式，常叫作 V2（不规则动词表的第二栏）：go → went, see → saw, buy → bought。所有主语都用同一个 V2 形式。
它们的用法和规则动词完全一样：表示过去某个时间已经完成的动作（见“一般过去时：-ed, did / didn't”一课）。
| 例句 | |
|---|---|
| 肯定式 | I went home early. |
| 否定式 | I didn't go home early. |
| 疑问式 | Did you go home early? · Where did you go? |
| 简略回答 | Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. |
关键：V2 形式（went, saw, bought）只用于肯定句。一旦有了 did / didn't，动词就还原成原形：I didn't go，Did you see…?——不说 “didn't went” 或 “did you saw”。
2.常见不规则动词
按变化方式分组来记，会容易得多。
| 类型 | 原形 → 过去式 (V2) |
|---|---|
| -ought / -aught（都读 /ɔːt/） | buy → bought, bring → brought, think → thought, fight → fought, catch → caught, teach → taught |
| 以 -t 结尾 | sleep → slept, keep → kept, feel → felt, leave → left, lose → lost, send → sent, spend → spent, build → built |
| ee / ea → e | meet → met, feed → fed, lead → led, read → read（读作 /red/） |
| 元音变成 a | begin → began, drink → drank, sing → sang, swim → swam, sit → sat, give → gave, come → came, eat → ate |
| 元音变成 o | break → broke, choose → chose, speak → spoke, steal → stole, wake → woke, drive → drove, ride → rode, write → wrote, get → got, forget → forgot |
| 以 -ew 结尾 | know → knew, grow → grew, throw → threw, blow → blew, fly → flew, draw → drew |
| 变成 -oo- | take → took, shake → shook, stand → stood, understand → understood |
| 形式不变 | cut → cut, put → put, let → let, hit → hit, cost → cost, shut → shut |
| 完全不同——只能死记 | go → went, be → was / were, do → did, have → had, make → made, see → saw, say → said, hear → heard, find → found, tell → told, run → ran, fall → fell, win → won |
别想一口气背下 200 个动词的表。上面这五十个左右的动词就涵盖了你每天要说的大部分内容。每天晚上试着用 5–6 个过去时的句子讲讲你这一天：I got up at six, I had noodles, I took the bus…
3.V2 还是 V3？以及容易混淆的词
| 原形 | 过去式 (V2) | 过去分词 (V3) |
|---|---|---|
| go | went | gone |
| see | saw | seen |
| do | did | done |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| write | wrote | written |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| begin | began | begun |
一般过去时只用中间一栏 (V2)：I saw her yesterday（不说：I seen her），We went home（不说：We gone home）。V3 一栏用在 have / has / had 后面和被动语态中——见“现在完成时”一课。
I bought some mangoes at the market and brought them to the party.
我在市场买了些芒果，带到了聚会上。（buy → bought；bring → brought）
We won the game — we beat the best team in the league.
我们赢了比赛——打败了联赛里最强的队。（win + 比赛或奖项；beat + 对手）
I felt dizzy and nearly fell over.
我觉得头晕，差点摔倒。（feel → felt；fall → fell）
I read that book last summer.
我去年夏天读了那本书。（过去式 read 拼写不变，但读作 /red/）
4.疑问句和否定句
和一般过去时的其他动词完全一样：did / didn't + 动词原形。一有 did，不规则形式就不见了。
I didn't sleep well last night.
我昨晚没睡好。（不说：didn't slept）
Did you take your medicine?
你吃药了吗？
What did she say?
她说了什么？
How did you find out?
你是怎么知道的？
例外：当 who / what 是主语（做动作的人或物）时，不用 did，动词用 V2 形式：Who told you? What happened?——见“主语疑问句与宾语疑问句”一课。
5.常见错误
I goed to the beach.I went to the beach.
go 是不规则动词：went。
She didn't took the bus.She didn't take the bus.
didn't 后面用原形。
Did you saw my message?Did you see my message?
did 后面用原形。
I seen him yesterday.I saw him yesterday.
seen 是 V3；一般过去时用 V2：saw。
We have gone to Hue last month.We went to Hue last month.
last month → 一般过去时。
He teached me to swim.He taught me to swim.
teach → taught。
例句
- Yesterday I lost my keys at the café.
- She bought a new phone last week.
- I slept for ten hours last night.
- Yesterday we drank the whole bottle of water on the way up Ba Den Mountain.
