과거 시제 (불규칙 동사)

초급

Past simple (irregular verbs)

형태와 쓰임

went, saw, took… — 불규칙 동사로 나타내는 끝난 과거의 일

1.불규칙 동사란

가장 자주 쓰는 동사 중 상당수는 -ed를 붙이지 않습니다. 이런 동사에는 자기만의 과거형이 있는데, 흔히 V2(불규칙 동사표의 두 번째 칸)라고 부릅니다: go → went, see → saw, buy → bought. V2 형태는 주어가 무엇이든 같습니다.

쓰임은 규칙 동사와 똑같습니다. 과거의 어느 때에 끝난 동작을 나타냅니다(「과거형: -ed, did / didn't」 레슨 참고).

	예문
긍정문	I went home early.
부정문	I didn't go home early.
의문문	Did you go home early? · Where did you go?
짧은 대답	Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

핵심: V2 형태(went, saw, bought)는 긍정문에서만 씁니다. did / didn't가 있으면 동사는 원형으로 돌아갑니다: I didn't go, Did you see…? — “didn't went”나 “did you saw”가 아닙니다.

2.자주 쓰는 불규칙 동사

같은 방식으로 바뀌는 것끼리 묶으면 외우기 쉽습니다.

유형	동사원형 → 과거형(V2)
-ought / -aught (둘 다 /ɔːt/로 발음)	buy → bought, bring → brought, think → thought, fight → fought, catch → caught, teach → taught
-t로 끝남	sleep → slept, keep → kept, feel → felt, leave → left, lose → lost, send → sent, spend → spent, build → built
ee / ea → e	meet → met, feed → fed, lead → led, read → read (/red/로 발음)
모음이 a로 바뀜	begin → began, drink → drank, sing → sang, swim → swam, sit → sat, give → gave, come → came, eat → ate
모음이 o로 바뀜	break → broke, choose → chose, speak → spoke, steal → stole, wake → woke, drive → drove, ride → rode, write → wrote, get → got, forget → forgot
-ew로 끝남	know → knew, grow → grew, throw → threw, blow → blew, fly → flew, draw → drew
-oo-로 바뀜	take → took, shake → shook, stand → stood, understand → understood
변하지 않음	cut → cut, put → put, let → let, hit → hit, cost → cost, shut → shut
완전히 다름 — 그냥 외우기	go → went, be → was / were, do → did, have → had, make → made, see → saw, say → said, hear → heard, find → found, tell → told, run → ran, fall → fell, win → won

200개짜리 동사 목록을 한꺼번에 외우려고 하지 마세요. 위의 50개 정도 동사로 매일 하는 말 대부분을 할 수 있습니다. 매일 저녁, 그날 있었던 일을 과거형 문장 5~6개로 말해 보세요: I got up at six, I had noodles, I took the bus…

3.V2일까, V3일까? 헷갈리기 쉬운 짝

동사원형	과거형(V2)	과거분사(V3)
go	went	gone
see	saw	seen
do	did	done
eat	ate	eaten
write	wrote	written
drink	drank	drunk
begin	began	begun

과거형에는 가운데 칸(V2)만 씁니다: I saw her yesterday(I seen her가 아님), We went home(We gone home이 아님). V3 칸은 have / has / had 뒤와 수동태에 씁니다. 「현재완료」 레슨을 보세요.

I bought some mangoes at the market and brought them to the party.
시장에서 망고를 좀 사서 파티에 가져갔어요. (buy → bought; bring → brought)
We won the game — we beat the best team in the league.
우리가 경기에서 이겼어요 — 리그 최강 팀을 꺾었어요. (win + 경기·상; beat + 상대)
I felt dizzy and nearly fell over.
어지러워서 하마터면 넘어질 뻔했어요. (feel → felt; fall → fell)
I read that book last summer.
그 책은 지난여름에 읽었어요. (과거형 read는 철자는 같지만 /red/로 발음)

4.의문문과 부정문

과거형의 다른 모든 동사와 똑같습니다: did / didn't + 동사원형. did가 있으면 불규칙 형태는 사라집니다.

I didn't sleep well last night.
어젯밤에 잠을 잘 못 잤어요. (didn't slept는 틀림)
Did you take your medicine?
약 먹었어요?
What did she say?
그녀가 뭐라고 했어요?
How did you find out?
어떻게 알게 됐어요?

예외: who / what이 주어(행동을 하는 사람이나 사물)이면 did를 쓰지 않고 동사는 V2 형태입니다: Who told you? What happened? — 「주어 의문문과 목적어 의문문」 레슨을 보세요.

5.자주 하는 실수

~~I goed to the beach.~~
I went to the beach.
go는 불규칙 동사: went.
~~She didn't took the bus.~~
She didn't take the bus.
didn't 뒤에는 동사원형.
~~Did you saw my message?~~
Did you see my message?
did 뒤에는 동사원형.
~~I seen him yesterday.~~
I saw him yesterday.
seen은 V3입니다. 과거형은 V2인 saw를 씁니다.
~~We have gone to Hue last month.~~
We went to Hue last month.
last month → 과거형.
~~He teached me to swim.~~
He taught me to swim.
teach → taught.

예문

Yesterday I lost my keys at the café.
She bought a new phone last week.
I slept for ten hours last night.
Yesterday we drank the whole bottle of water on the way up Ba Den Mountain.