第 13 課 · 第 1 階段: 基礎
一般過去時（不規則動詞）
初級Past simple (irregular verbs)
構成與用法
went, saw, took… — 用不規則動詞表示已完成的過去動作
1.什麼是不規則動詞
很多最常用的動詞不加 -ed。它們有自己特有的過去式，常叫作 V2（不規則動詞表的第二欄）：go → went, see → saw, buy → bought。所有主語都用同一個 V2 形式。
它們的用法和規則動詞完全一樣：表示過去某個時間已經完成的動作（見“一般過去時：-ed, did / didn't”一課）。
| 例句 | |
|---|---|
| 肯定式 | I went home early. |
| 否定式 | I didn't go home early. |
| 疑問式 | Did you go home early? · Where did you go? |
| 簡略回答 | Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. |
關鍵：V2 形式（went, saw, bought）只用於肯定句。一旦有了 did / didn't，動詞就還原成原形：I didn't go，Did you see…?——不說 “didn't went” 或 “did you saw”。
2.常見不規則動詞
按變化方式分組來記，會容易得多。
| 型別 | 原形 → 過去式 (V2) |
|---|---|
| -ought / -aught（都讀 /ɔːt/） | buy → bought, bring → brought, think → thought, fight → fought, catch → caught, teach → taught |
| 以 -t 結尾 | sleep → slept, keep → kept, feel → felt, leave → left, lose → lost, send → sent, spend → spent, build → built |
| ee / ea → e | meet → met, feed → fed, lead → led, read → read（讀作 /red/） |
| 母音變成 a | begin → began, drink → drank, sing → sang, swim → swam, sit → sat, give → gave, come → came, eat → ate |
| 母音變成 o | break → broke, choose → chose, speak → spoke, steal → stole, wake → woke, drive → drove, ride → rode, write → wrote, get → got, forget → forgot |
| 以 -ew 結尾 | know → knew, grow → grew, throw → threw, blow → blew, fly → flew, draw → drew |
| 變成 -oo- | take → took, shake → shook, stand → stood, understand → understood |
| 形式不變 | cut → cut, put → put, let → let, hit → hit, cost → cost, shut → shut |
| 完全不同——只能死記 | go → went, be → was / were, do → did, have → had, make → made, see → saw, say → said, hear → heard, find → found, tell → told, run → ran, fall → fell, win → won |
別想一口氣背下 200 個動詞的表。上面這五十個左右的動詞就涵蓋了你每天要說的大部分內容。每天晚上試著用 5–6 個過去時的句子講講你這一天：I got up at six, I had noodles, I took the bus…
3.V2 還是 V3？以及容易混淆的詞
| 原形 | 過去式 (V2) | 過去分詞 (V3) |
|---|---|---|
| go | went | gone |
| see | saw | seen |
| do | did | done |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| write | wrote | written |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| begin | began | begun |
一般過去時只用中間一欄 (V2)：I saw her yesterday（不說：I seen her），We went home（不說：We gone home）。V3 一欄用在 have / has / had 後面和被動語態中——見“現在完成時”一課。
I bought some mangoes at the market and brought them to the party.
我在市場買了些芒果，帶到了聚會上。（buy → bought；bring → brought）
We won the game — we beat the best team in the league.
我們贏了比賽——打敗了聯賽裡最強的隊。（win + 比賽或獎項；beat + 對手）
I felt dizzy and nearly fell over.
我覺得頭暈，差點摔倒。（feel → felt；fall → fell）
I read that book last summer.
我去年夏天讀了那本書。（過去式 read 拼寫不變，但讀作 /red/）
4.疑問句和否定句
和一般過去時的其他動詞完全一樣：did / didn't + 動詞原形。一有 did，不規則形式就不見了。
I didn't sleep well last night.
我昨晚沒睡好。（不說：didn't slept）
Did you take your medicine?
你吃藥了嗎？
What did she say?
她說了什麼？
How did you find out?
你是怎麼知道的？
例外：當 who / what 是主語（做動作的人或物）時，不用 did，動詞用 V2 形式：Who told you? What happened?——見“主語疑問句與賓語疑問句”一課。
5.常見錯誤
I goed to the beach.I went to the beach.
go 是不規則動詞：went。
She didn't took the bus.She didn't take the bus.
didn't 後面用原形。
Did you saw my message?Did you see my message?
did 後面用原形。
I seen him yesterday.I saw him yesterday.
seen 是 V3；一般過去時用 V2：saw。
We have gone to Hue last month.We went to Hue last month.
last month → 一般過去時。
He teached me to swim.He taught me to swim.
teach → taught。
例句
- Yesterday I lost my keys at the café.
- She bought a new phone last week.
- I slept for ten hours last night.
- Yesterday we drank the whole bottle of water on the way up Ba Den Mountain.
