第 12 課 · 第 1 階段: 基礎
一般過去時：-ed, did / didn't
初級Past simple: -ed, did / didn't
構成與用法
worked, did you work?, didn't work——過去某個時間已完成的動作
1.形式
規則動詞的一般過去時加 -ed（worked, played）——所有主語都一樣；he / she / it 也不用再加 -s。否定句和疑問句用助動詞 did / didn't，主要動詞還原成原形。
| 句型 | 例句 | |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定式 | 主語 + V-ed | She worked late. |
| 否定式 | 主語 + didn't + 動詞原形 | She didn't work late. |
| 疑問式 | Did + 主語 + 動詞原形? | Did she work late? |
| 特殊疑問句 | Wh- + did + 主語 + 動詞原形? | Why did she work late? |
| 簡略回答 | Yes, … did. / No, … didn't. | Yes, she did. / No, she didn't. |
Didn't = did not（完整形式用於正式書面語或強調）。動詞 be 不用 did——它有自己的過去式 was / were（見“Be 動詞：am / is / are, was / were”一課）。很多常用動詞不加 -ed（go → went, see → saw）——見“一般過去時（不規則動詞）”一課。
Did 已經表示了過去，所以 did / didn't 後面的動詞不加 -ed：Did you call?（不說：Did you called?），I didn't watch it（不說：didn't watched）。這和 does 後面的動詞要去掉 -s 是同一個道理。
2.加 -ed
| 動詞結尾 | 規則 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 大多數動詞 | + ed | work → worked, clean → cleaned, want → wanted |
| 以 e 結尾 | + d | live → lived, close → closed, agree → agreed |
| 子音字母 + y | y → ied | study → studied, try → tried, carry → carried |
| 母音字母 + y | + ed | play → played, stay → stayed, enjoy → enjoyed |
| 一個母音字母 + 一個子音字母，重音在最後 | 雙寫子音字母 + ed | stop → stopped, plan → planned, prefer → preferred |
| 重音不在最後一個音節 | 不雙寫 | visit → visited, open → opened, happen → happened |
w、x、y 永遠不雙寫：show → showed, fix → fixed。非重讀母音後的詞尾 l，英式英語要雙寫（travelled, cancelled），美式英語不雙寫（traveled, canceled）——兩種都對。注意：pay → paid 和 say → said 是拼寫上的例外。
3.-ed 的讀音
| 動詞的最後一個音 | 讀作 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| /t/ 或 /d/ | /ɪd/——多一個音節 | wanted, needed, visited, decided |
| 清子音 /p/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/ | /t/ | stopped, worked, laughed, fixed, washed, watched |
| 其他所有音（母音、濁子音） | /d/ | played, lived, cleaned, called, studied |
只有第一組（/t/ 或 /d/ 後面）會多出一個音節。Worked /wɜːkt/ 和 played /pleɪd/ 仍然只有一個音節。
中文的音節很少以子音結尾，所以很多人會吞掉詞尾的子音，結果 “I worked” 聽起來像 “I work”，對方聽不出是過去。要把詞尾的 /t/ 或 /d/ 讀清楚，但也別把每個動詞都讀成 “work-ed”。後面接母音時要連讀：worked‿at → /wɜːk tæt/。
4.什麼時候用
1. 過去某個時間已經完成的動作——時間說出來了，或者雙方都知道是什麼時候
I called my mum last night.
我昨晚給媽媽打了電話。
We moved to Hue in 2019.
我們 2019 年搬到了順化。
Did you enjoy the film?
你喜歡那部電影嗎？（剛看完的電影——時間很清楚）
2. 一個接一個發生的一系列動作——用來講故事
She opened the door, looked around and smiled.
她開啟門，四處看了看，笑了。
I finished work, walked to the station and waited for the train.
我下了班，走到車站，等火車。
3. 過去的習慣或情況——現在已經不這樣了
When I was a kid, I played football every afternoon.
我小時候每天下午都踢足球。
My grandparents lived in the countryside for forty years.
我爺爺奶奶在鄉下住了四十年。（他們現在不住那兒了）
過去的習慣也可以用 used to 表達——見“used to”一課。
5.表示過去的時間詞
- yesterday、yesterday morning、the day before yesterday（前天）
- last + 時間（不加 the）：last night, last week, last month, last Sunday。說“昨晚”用 last night（yesterday evening 也可以，但 yesterday night 聽起來很彆扭）。
- 一段時間 + ago（從現在往回算）：ten minutes ago, two days ago, a long time ago
- in + 年份 / 月份：in 2020, in May · on + 日期：on Monday, on 2 September
- when + 過去的一段時期：when I was a child, when we lived in Hanoi
- 詢問時間：When did you arrive? · What time did the meeting start?
有 yesterday、last…、…ago 或 in 2020 這樣的詞時，用一般過去時，不用現在完成時——見“現在完成時與一般過去時”一課。
中文只要有“昨天”這樣的時間詞，動詞本身不用變（我昨天看電影）。英語即使已經有時間詞，動詞也必須變：Yesterday I watched a film（不說：Yesterday I watch a film）。
6.常見錯誤
I didn't watched the match.I didn't watch the match.
didn't 後面用原形。
Did you finished your homework?Did you finish your homework?
did 後面用原形。
She call me yesterday.She called me yesterday.
即使有 yesterday，動詞也要加 -ed。
He studyed all night.He studied all night.
子音字母 + y → ied。
When you arrived?When did you arrive?
疑問句需要 did + 動詞原形。
I visited Da Lat two years before.I visited Da Lat two years ago.
從現在往回算用 ago；before 指在另一個時間點之前。
例句
- We watched a great film last night.
- Did you call your grandma yesterday?
- My parents moved to Can Tho in 2015.
- Mai helped her mum in the kitchen last night.
