第 12 课 · 第 1 阶段: 基础
一般过去时：-ed, did / didn't
初级Past simple: -ed, did / didn't
构成与用法
worked, did you work?, didn't work——过去某个时间已完成的动作
1.形式
规则动词的一般过去时加 -ed（worked, played）——所有主语都一样；he / she / it 也不用再加 -s。否定句和疑问句用助动词 did / didn't，主要动词还原成原形。
| 句型 | 例句 | |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定式 | 主语 + V-ed | She worked late. |
| 否定式 | 主语 + didn't + 动词原形 | She didn't work late. |
| 疑问式 | Did + 主语 + 动词原形? | Did she work late? |
| 特殊疑问句 | Wh- + did + 主语 + 动词原形? | Why did she work late? |
| 简略回答 | Yes, … did. / No, … didn't. | Yes, she did. / No, she didn't. |
Didn't = did not（完整形式用于正式书面语或强调）。动词 be 不用 did——它有自己的过去式 was / were（见“Be 动词：am / is / are, was / were”一课）。很多常用动词不加 -ed（go → went, see → saw）——见“一般过去时（不规则动词）”一课。
Did 已经表示了过去，所以 did / didn't 后面的动词不加 -ed：Did you call?（不说：Did you called?），I didn't watch it（不说：didn't watched）。这和 does 后面的动词要去掉 -s 是同一个道理。
2.加 -ed
| 动词结尾 | 规则 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 大多数动词 | + ed | work → worked, clean → cleaned, want → wanted |
| 以 e 结尾 | + d | live → lived, close → closed, agree → agreed |
| 辅音字母 + y | y → ied | study → studied, try → tried, carry → carried |
| 元音字母 + y | + ed | play → played, stay → stayed, enjoy → enjoyed |
| 一个元音字母 + 一个辅音字母，重音在最后 | 双写辅音字母 + ed | stop → stopped, plan → planned, prefer → preferred |
| 重音不在最后一个音节 | 不双写 | visit → visited, open → opened, happen → happened |
w、x、y 永远不双写：show → showed, fix → fixed。非重读元音后的词尾 l，英式英语要双写（travelled, cancelled），美式英语不双写（traveled, canceled）——两种都对。注意：pay → paid 和 say → said 是拼写上的例外。
3.-ed 的读音
| 动词的最后一个音 | 读作 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| /t/ 或 /d/ | /ɪd/——多一个音节 | wanted, needed, visited, decided |
| 清辅音 /p/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/ | /t/ | stopped, worked, laughed, fixed, washed, watched |
| 其他所有音（元音、浊辅音） | /d/ | played, lived, cleaned, called, studied |
只有第一组（/t/ 或 /d/ 后面）会多出一个音节。Worked /wɜːkt/ 和 played /pleɪd/ 仍然只有一个音节。
中文的音节很少以辅音结尾，所以很多人会吞掉词尾的辅音，结果 “I worked” 听起来像 “I work”，对方听不出是过去。要把词尾的 /t/ 或 /d/ 读清楚，但也别把每个动词都读成 “work-ed”。后面接元音时要连读：worked‿at → /wɜːk tæt/。
4.什么时候用
1. 过去某个时间已经完成的动作——时间说出来了，或者双方都知道是什么时候
I called my mum last night.
我昨晚给妈妈打了电话。
We moved to Hue in 2019.
我们 2019 年搬到了顺化。
Did you enjoy the film?
你喜欢那部电影吗？（刚看完的电影——时间很清楚）
2. 一个接一个发生的一系列动作——用来讲故事
She opened the door, looked around and smiled.
她打开门，四处看了看，笑了。
I finished work, walked to the station and waited for the train.
我下了班，走到车站，等火车。
3. 过去的习惯或情况——现在已经不这样了
When I was a kid, I played football every afternoon.
我小时候每天下午都踢足球。
My grandparents lived in the countryside for forty years.
我爷爷奶奶在乡下住了四十年。（他们现在不住那儿了）
过去的习惯也可以用 used to 表达——见“used to”一课。
5.表示过去的时间词
- yesterday、yesterday morning、the day before yesterday（前天）
- last + 时间（不加 the）：last night, last week, last month, last Sunday。说“昨晚”用 last night（yesterday evening 也可以，但 yesterday night 听起来很别扭）。
- 一段时间 + ago（从现在往回算）：ten minutes ago, two days ago, a long time ago
- in + 年份 / 月份：in 2020, in May · on + 日期：on Monday, on 2 September
- when + 过去的一段时期：when I was a child, when we lived in Hanoi
- 询问时间：When did you arrive? · What time did the meeting start?
有 yesterday、last…、…ago 或 in 2020 这样的词时，用一般过去时，不用现在完成时——见“现在完成时与一般过去时”一课。
中文只要有“昨天”这样的时间词，动词本身不用变（我昨天看电影）。英语即使已经有时间词，动词也必须变：Yesterday I watched a film（不说：Yesterday I watch a film）。
6.常见错误
I didn't watched the match.I didn't watch the match.
didn't 后面用原形。
Did you finished your homework?Did you finish your homework?
did 后面用原形。
She call me yesterday.She called me yesterday.
即使有 yesterday，动词也要加 -ed。
He studyed all night.He studied all night.
辅音字母 + y → ied。
When you arrived?When did you arrive?
疑问句需要 did + 动词原形。
I visited Da Lat two years before.I visited Da Lat two years ago.
从现在往回算用 ago；before 指在另一个时间点之前。
例句
- We watched a great film last night.
- Did you call your grandma yesterday?
- My parents moved to Can Tho in 2015.
- I didn't go to the party because I was sick.
