Shadowing Practice: Learn 20 Professional Accounting English Terms - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Did you know over 90% of the world's financial records are written in English?
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Whether you're working in corporate finance, bookkeeping or auditing, mastering accounting vocabulary is essential for success.
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In this lesson you'll learn 20 essential accounting terms from ledgers to liabilities with clear definitions examples
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and with each term you'll get a quiz to test your understanding.
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Hi I'm Ger and this is Learning English Pro, the home of professional English.
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Student members of my channel should head over to the membership tab to download the PDF guide
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that comes along with this lesson.
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It's filled with all the content from today's video, along with additional exercises and reading.
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If you want to join student membership, click the link in the video description to really boost your professional English know-how.
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And stay tuned after this lesson for my masterclass in accounting vocabulary.
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I'm stacking lots of individual lessons into this video.
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They're all time stamped in the video description so you can navigate to the lesson of your choice.
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This extended video is great for active learners.
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Pick the lesson you want, get a pen and paper, find somewhere quiet and really hone in on the language.
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If you're a passive listener, put this lesson on in the background and go about your day, kind of like the radio.
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This is a great way to engage your passive learning skills.
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Okay, so let's get ready and start our lesson and we're beginning with some nouns.
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Remember we're covering the pronunciation, definition and I'm going to give you an example to understand the context.
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Then after each term there'll be a quick quiz question to check your understanding.
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Our first term is ledger.
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Ledger.
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A ledger is a book or system for recording financial transactions.
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Let's take a look at our example.
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All company expenses are recorded in the general ledger.
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And now it's time for our first question to check your comprehension.
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Which of these would you not expect to find in a company's ledger?
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Sales revenue, expenses, employee birthdays or supplier payments?
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And the correct answer is C.
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Employee birthdays would not be found in a company's ledger.
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Balance sheet.
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Balance sheet.
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A balance sheet is a financial statement showing assets, liabilities and equity.
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The balance sheet helps businesses understand their financial health.
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Which of these terms is a synonym for balance sheet, statement of financial position or bank account?
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The correct answer is A, statement of financial position.
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Our third term is liability.
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Liability.
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Liability means a financial obligation or debt.
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Our example sentence, the company's biggest liability is its outstanding loans.
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Which of these is an example of a liability?
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A mortgage, company profits, office furniture or software?
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The correct answer is mortgage, which of course is a type of bank loan.
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Asset.
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Asset.
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An asset is anything of value owned by a company or individual.
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Real estate and cash reserves are common business assets.
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Our question is, which word is a synonym of asset?
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Input, customers, employees or capital.
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And the correct term is capital.
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Capital represents financial resources or valuable items owned by a business.
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Let's move on to revenue.
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Revenue.
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Revenue is the total income generated by a business.
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The company's revenue increased by 15% this quarter.
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Revenue is sometimes called A.
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Net income B.
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Gross sales C.
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Liabilities or D.
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Equity The answer is B.
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Gross sales.
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This refers also to the total income before expenses.
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Next up, we have expense.
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Expense This word means the money spent to run a business.
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Rent and salaries are examples of business expenses.
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Which of these is an operating expense?
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Employee salaries, customer payments, outstanding loans or shareholder dividends?
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Yes, the correct answer is A, employee salaries.
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If you're enjoying this business English lesson, you should check out my complete professional English course.
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It's a massive 12 hour video and for my student members, it has a massive PDF guide that comes along with it.
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The link for this video is waiting for you in the video description.
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Our next word is depreciation.
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Depreciation.
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This is a key business English word and it means the reduction in value of an asset over time.
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Our example sentence is, companies calculate depreciation for tax purposes.
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Which of these assets is most likely to depreciate over time?
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A. Copyrights.
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B. Savings.
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C. Land. Or D.
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Delivery van.
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The correct answer is D, delivery van.
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Equity.
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Equity.
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The definition for equity is the value remaining after liabilities are deducted from assets.
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Our example sentence is, shareholders are interested in the company's equity growth.
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Let's check out our question.
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Which term is a synonym of equity?
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Gross worth, total worth, net worth or gained worth?
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Our correct answer is C, net worth.
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Let's move on to audit.
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Audit.
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An audit is a financial inspection to ensure accuracy and compliance.
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The company undergoes an annual audit to verify its financial statements.
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Which type of company is most likely to be audited?
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A. A bakery B.
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Clothing store C.
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A bank D.
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A local cafe And yes, the answer is C, a bank.
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Our next term is an important business English word, invoice.
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Repeat after me, invoice.
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An invoice is a document requesting payment for goods or services.
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The supplier sent an invoice for the materials delivered.
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Which word is a synonym for the noun invoice?
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Bill, email, ledger or check?
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Our correct answer is a bill.
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Now it's time to have a look at some accounting verbs.
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And first up we have reconcile.
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Reconcile.
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To reconcile is to match financial records with actual transactions.
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It's important to reconcile the bank statements every month.
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Which sentence correctly uses the verb reconcile in a business context?
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The accountant reconciled the company's bank statements.
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The manager reconciled the computer before sending the email.
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The correct answer is A.
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The accountant reconciled the company's bank statements.
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Our next verb is deduct.
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Deduct.
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Deduct means to subtract expenses from taxable income.
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You can deduct business expenses to lower your tax bill.
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Let's take a look at our question.
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Which word is a synonym for deduct?
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Multiply, minus, manage or balance?
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The correct answer is B, minus.
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Accrue.
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Accrue.
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The verb accrue means to accumulate over time, especially financial obligations.
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Interest on the loan will accrue if not paid on time.
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What is the most likely to accrue over time?
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Supplies, meetings, interest on a loan or policies?
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The correct answer is C, interest on a loan.
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We covered this word earlier as a noun but it's also a verb.
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Invoice.
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As a verb, to invoice means to send a bill for services rendered.
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The freelancer invoiced the client for the completed project.
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If a client does not pay an invoice on time, the company might send a refund,
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report, a business proposal or a reminder notice.
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The correct answer is D, a reminder notice.
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Our next verb is a real accountancy term.
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Amortize.
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Amortize.
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The meaning of amortize is to gradually reduce a debt through payments.
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Our example sentence is, The mortgage is amortized over 30 years.
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Our question is, Which sentence correctly uses the term amortize in a business context?
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A. She amortized her cash by organizing it into wallets. Or B.
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The company plans to amortise the cost of new equipment over five years.
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The correct answer is B.
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And next we have a word we've already seen.
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Audit.
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Audit.
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And the verb audit means to inspect financial records for accuracy.
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Let's use it in a sentence.
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The company hired an external firm to audit its accounts.
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Which word is a synonym for audit?
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Examination, experiment, example or exalt?
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The correct answer is A, examination.
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Let's move on to our final section where we cover some adjectives relating to accounting.
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Profitable.
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Profitable.
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This adjective means to be producing more revenue than expenses.
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The new product line has been highly profitable.
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Let's take a look at our question.
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If a company is said to be profitable, it might be called A.
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Bankrupt B.
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Failing C.
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Lucrative or D.
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Startup And the correct answer is C.
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Lucrative
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Our next adjective is solvent Solvent We can use this word to describe when a business is able to meet financial obligations.
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The company remains solvent despite economic challenges.
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Which of these best describes a solvent company?
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It's losing money.
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It has more assets than liabilities.
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It relies on bank loans.
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It has unpaid invoices.
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And the correct answer is B.
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It has more assets than liabilities.
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Our next term is a bit of a mouthful.
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Tax deductible.
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Tax deductible.
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When something is tax deductible, it means it is eligible to be subtracted from taxable income.
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Charitable donations are tax deductible.
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Let's take a look at our question.
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Which business expense is most likely to be tax-deductible?
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Employee salaries, personal shopping, stock or office supplies?
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The correct answer is office supplies.
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Our next term is outstanding.
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Outstanding.
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Used generally, outstanding means that something is pretty good.
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But in the world of accounting, if something is outstanding, it means it is unpaid or due for settlement.
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Let's take a look at our example.
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The company still has outstanding invoices from the last quarter.
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Let's check our comprehension with our question.
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If a company has outstanding payments, it means it is doing exceptionally well, it has large profits, it has unpaid bills,
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or it has received extra tax refunds.
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And yes, the answer is C.
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It has unpaid bills.
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Well done.
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You've just learned 20 business terms related to accounting.
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With each term, you've learned the pronunciation, definition, context, and checked your understanding.
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Student members of the channel, don't forget to check out the PDF guide that comes along with this lesson.
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If you want to join, the link is in the video description.
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And don't go anywhere, we're only getting started.
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Coming right up is my lesson on investment types English vocabulary.
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If you've enjoyed this lesson, make sure to like, subscribe, and comment.
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Hello and welcome to Learning English Pro.
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today we're delving into the world of investments where we will break down different types of investments
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and explore the relevant vocabulary associated with each.
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So if you're ready let's jump right in.
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And let's begin with stock market investments.
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A stock market in brief is a centralized marketplace where stocks are bought and sold by investors.
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Stocks also known as equities or shares represent ownership in a corporation or company.
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When you own a stock you essentially own a portion of that company.
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Companies issue stocks to raise capital for various purposes such as expanding their operations,
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investing in new projects or reducing debt.
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Dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholders out of its profits or retained earnings.
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These payments are typically distributed regularly often on a quarterly basis
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as a way for company to share its financial success with its investors.
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And a portfolio is the collection of stocks and securities owned by an investor.
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Let's move on to bond investments which are known for their stability.
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Here are some relevant terms.
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Bonds are debt securities.
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This is where an investor loans money to an entity in exchange for periodic interest payments
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and the return of the bond's face value at maturity.
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The coupon rate is the interest rate that a bond pays annually,
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and the maturity date is the date when a bond's principal is due to be repaid.
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Now let's take a look at a category that encompasses both stocks and bonds, Securities.
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These are financial instruments representing ownership or financial interest in various entities.
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They play a crucial role in investment markets, offering a wide range of opportunities for investors.
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Real estate investments involve properties, where you buy properties in order to generate additional income or capital.
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The term real estate means land and any property attached to it.
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A common way to gain income from real estate investments is rental income.
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This is money earned by leasing or renting out your investment properties.
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Property management is an important aspect of real estate investment and it relates to the administration,
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operation and oversight of real estate properties on behalf of property owners or investors.
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It involves a wide range of responsibilities aimed at maintaining and maximizing the value of real estate assets.
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Let's move on to mutual funds.
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Mutual funds pool money from various investors to buy a diversified portfolio.
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Key terms include NAV or net asset value.
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This is the per share market value of a mutual fund.
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The expense ratio is the cost of managing a mutual fund expressed as a percentage of assets under management.
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In relation to investments, diversification means spreading investments across various assets to reduce your risk.
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Our fifth type of investment is commodities investment.
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Commodities are tangible goods that can be bought or sold.
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Here are some terms related to this type of investments.
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Which goods can we consider commodities?
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Well commodities can be raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold such as gold,
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oil, wheat, art, wine, you name it there are lots of different types of commodities in that market.
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An essential term of the commodities investments market is future contracts.
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These are agreements to buy or sell a commodity at a specified future date and price.
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And the spot price is the current market price for immediate delivery of a commodity.
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An investment type which is always a hot topic is cryptocurrency investments.
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These are digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security.
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Here are some essential terms.
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Bitcoin was the very first cryptocurrency and it is the most well known, often referred to as digital gold.
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A crucial term for understanding cryptocurrency is the blockchain.
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This is a distributed ledger technology that underlies most cryptocurrencies.
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And if you have cryptocurrency, you're going to need a wallet.
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This is a digital tool for storing, sending and receiving cryptocurrencies.
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Moving along to private equity investments.
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Private equity involves investing in privately held companies and the investment management company
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that invests in private companies is known as a private equity firm.
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Venture capital is the funding provided to startup
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and small businesses in exchange for equity and if you remember from earlier an equity equals the share in the company.
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A leveraged buyout or an LBO is the acquisition of a company using significant amount of borrowed funds.
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Our final investment type is a hedge fund investment.
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Hedge funds are investment funds that employ various strategies to generate returns.
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Alpha is a measure of an investments return relative to its risk.
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Short selling is the practice of selling borrowed assets with the hope of buying them back at a lower price.
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Our final term is high frequency trading or HFT.
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This is a trading strategy that uses advanced algorithms for rapid buying and selling of assets.
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Hello and welcome back to Learning English Pro.
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In this lesson we're going to take a look at vocabulary and terminology relating to economics.
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You'll learn 15 fundamental economic terms that will help you grasp the complexities of the financial world.
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Let's jump straight in.
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And our first term is supply and demand.
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These are fundamental forces that dictate the prices of goods and services in a market.
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Supply refers to the quantity available, while demand represents how much people want it.
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Prices rise when demand exceeds supply, and prices fall when supply exceeds demand.
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Let's move on to our next term.
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Inflation Inflation is the increase in the general price level of goods and services over time,
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resulting in the loss of purchasing power for a currency.
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It's measured by the Consumer Price Index or the CPI, which we'll get into later.
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The opposite of inflation is deflation.
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This is where prices decrease over time.
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It can lead to reduced consumer spending and economic stagnation.
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Gross domestic product or GDP measures the economic performance of a country.
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It's the total value of all goods and services produced within a nation's borders in a given time period.
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A related term is GDP per capita.
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This is the average income of a country's citizens and is calculated by dividing the GDP by the population.
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It reflects the standard of living in a nation.
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Let's move on to our next term, fiscal policy.
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This involves government actions concerning taxation and expenditure to influence the economy.
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Governments use fiscal policy to stabilise economic growth, control inflation and reduce unemployment.
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Another type of policy you may hear about in economics is monetary policy.
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This is the management of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank bank.
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It plays a crucial role in controlling inflation and maintaining economic stability.
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A recession is a significant decline in economic activity, often marked by reduced consumer spending,
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business investments and high unemployment rates.
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A budget deficit happens when a government spends more money than it collects in taxes.
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It's usually funded by borrowing, leading to national debt.
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A trade balance refers to the difference between a country's exports and imports.
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A trade surplus happens when a country exports more than it imports, while a trade deficit is the opposite.
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Let's move on to look at different types of economies.
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A market economy is where prices are determined by supply and demand,
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and private individuals and businesses make most of the economic decisions.
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A mixed economy combines elements of both free market capitalism and government intervention,
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Governments regulate certain industries and provide essential services.
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Our next term is Opportunity Cost.
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This is the value of the next best alternative
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that must be forgone when a decision is made to allocate resources to one option instead of another.
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The Consumer Price Index or CPI measures changes in the cost of a basket of goods and services over time.
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It's used to gauge inflation and cost of living adjustments.
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Our final term is entrepreneurship.
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This involves identifying business opportunities,
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organizing resources and taking risks to create and operate successful enterprises.
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Hello and welcome back to Learning English Pro.
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Today we're diving into the world of stock market investments and expanding your financial vocabulary.
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So whether you're an aspiring investor or simply curious about stock market, this video is for you.
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If you're ready, let's get started.
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Let's cover the basics.
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Stock markets are essential platforms where investors buy and sell ownership in companies.
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They help businesses raise capital, provide liquidity for investors, and set stock prices based on supply and demand.
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These markets offer diverse investment opportunities and act as economic indicators.
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Examples of stock exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ, the London Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange.
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Another fundamental term of stock market investments is shares, also known as stocks.
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These are units of ownership in a company.
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When you own shares of a company's stock, you own a portion of that company
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and your ownership entitles you to a share of its profits and a say in certain corporate decisions.
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If you own shares or stocks in a company, you are known as a shareholder in that company.
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Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders as a reward for owning its stock.
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These payments come from the company's profits and are typically distributed regularly, providing shareholders with a portion of the company's earnings.
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Our next term is Bull Market.
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A bull market is a period in the financial markets characterized by rising stock prices,
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optimism amongst investors and overall confidence in the economy.
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It's a time when investments tend to perform well and there is a general belief that the upward trend will continue.
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The opposite of a bull market is a bear market.
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It's a period in the financial markets, characterised by declining stock prices,
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pessimism amongst investors and a lack of confidence in the economy.
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During a bear market, investments tend to not perform very well,
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and there is a belief that the downward trend will continue.
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Let's move on to portfolio.
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This is a collection of investments held by an individual
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or entity to achieve diversification and manage risk in their overall investment strategy.
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Portfolio diversification involves spreading your investments across different asset classes
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such as stocks bonds of real estate to reduce risk as
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different types of investments may perform differently under various economic conditions ultimately helping to achieve a more balanced
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and stable investment strategy stocks analysis is the process of evaluating stocks for investment
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often using fundamental and technical analysis.
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Let's take a look at some of the ways stocks are valued.
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First up we have the P-E ratio.
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This is price to earnings ratio.
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This valuation metric is calculated by dividing a stock's price by its earnings per share.
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Another analysis metric is market capitalization.
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When you multiply the stock price by the number of shares,
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you get the total value of a company's outstanding shares of stock.
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Next up, we have some trading terminology.
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Blue chip stocks are stocks of well large established companies with a history of stable performance.
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Day trading is the practice of buying and selling stocks within the same trading day.
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Let's move on to our next term which is bid and ask prices.
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The bid price is the maximum price a buyer is willing to pay for a stock,
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while the ask price is the minimum price a seller is willing to accept.
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The difference between them is known as the bid-ask spread.
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The term volume refers to the total number of shares traded in a specific stock
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or the entire market within a given timeframe.
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It can indicate the level of interest and liquidity in a stock.
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A market order is an instruction to buy or sell a stock immediately at the current market price.
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It guarantees execution but may not guarantee a specific price.
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A limit order is an order to buy or sell a stock at a specific price or better.
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It ensures a specific price but does not guarantee execution if the market price doesn't reach the limit price.
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A stop-loss order is a predefined price level at which a stock is automatically sold to limit potential losses.
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It's a risk management tool used by traders.
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When it comes to the stock market, there are two different types of investors.
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A retail investor is an investor who buys and sells stocks for personal portfolios.
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While institutional investors are usually large organisations like mutual funds or pension funds that invest on behalf of others.
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Today we're diving into the world of mortgages and exploring some essential mortgage terms.
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Whether you're a first-time homebuyer or simply looking to understand the process better, this video is for you.
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Our first term is the subject of our video, mortgage.
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A mortgage is a legal agreement between a borrower and a lender, typically a bank, that allows the borrower to obtain funds to purchase a home.
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The property itself serves as collateral for the loan
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and the borrower makes regular payments including principal and interest until the loan is paid off.
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Next up we have principal.
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The principal is the initial amount borrowed in a mortgage.
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It's the base amount on which interest is calculated.
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Over time as you make payments, the principal balance decreases.
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Moving on to interest rates.
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This is the cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage.
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It determines how much you'll pay in interest over the life of your mortgage.
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Interest rates can be fixed or adjustable.
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A fixed rate mortgage has a consistent interest rate throughout the life of the loan.
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It offers stability and predictable monthly payments.
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On the other hand, an adjustable rate mortgage or a variable rate mortgage has an interest rate that may change periodically.
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It often starts with a lower rate but can increase over time.
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The fixed rate period in an adjustable rate mortgage is the initial period during
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which the interest rate remains fixed before it begins to adjust periodically.
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Let's move on to down payment.
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The down payment is the initial amount paid by the home buyer when purchasing a property.
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It's typically a percentage of the home's purchase price, and a larger down payment often leads to more favorable mortgage terms.
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Our next term is amortization.
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It's the process of paying off your mortgage over time through regular payments which include both principal and interest.
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Over the life of the loan the proportion of principal and interest in each payment changes.
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Let's discuss escrow.
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An escrow account is set up to hold funds for property taxes and insurance.
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Part of your monthly mortgage payment goes into this account to ensure these expenses are paid when due.
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Next up, closing costs.
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These are fees and expenses associated with finalising a mortgage and the purchase of a home.
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Closing costs include charges for services such as appraisal, title search and legal fees.
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If you're interested in learning lots more related English vocabulary, check the links on screen and in my video description.
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On my channel I have lots of English vocabulary videos relating to banking, finance, investments, real estate and lots more.
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Let's get back to our lesson and our next term is pre-approval.
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This is a crucial step in the home buying process.
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It is a preliminary assessment by the lender that determines how much you can borrow.
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This helps you understand your budget and increases your chances when buying a new home.
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PMI or private mortgage insurance is insurance that lenders require from borrowers who make a down payment of less than 20%.
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It protects the lender in case the borrower defaults on the loan.
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Refinance refers to the process of obtaining a new mortgage to replace an existing one.
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It's often done to secure a better interest rate or to change the terms of the loan.
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Our next term is equity.
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Your equity is the portion of your home's value that you own outright.
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It's the difference between the home's current market value and the outstanding balance on your mortgage.
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An appraisal is a professional assessment of a property's value.
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It's often required by lenders to ensure the property's worth is sufficient to cover the loan amount.
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Foreclosure is a legal process in
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which a lender takes possession of a property due to the borrower's failure to meet their mortgage obligations.
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It typically leads to the sale of the property to recover the loan amount.
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Our next term is closing disclosure.
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This is a document provided to the borrower at least three days before the mortgage closing.
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It outlines the final terms and costs of the loan, ensuring transparency in the transaction.
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Title insurance is a policy that protects the homeowner
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and the lender from financial loss due to disputes or defects in the property's title.
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It ensures that the property has a clear and marketable title.
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The mortgage origination fee is a charge imposed by the lender to cover the cost of processing and underwriting the loan.
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It's typically a percentage of the loan amount.
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A home equity line of credit is a type of loan that allows homeowners to borrow against the equity in their home.
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It provides a flexible source of funds that can be drawn upon as needed.
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English teacher, today we've got an essential vocabulary lesson on real estate.
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So if you're ready, let's dive in.
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Our first term for our real estate vocabulary is property.
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Property refers to physical assets such as land, buildings and everything permanently attached to them.
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These can include residential homes, commercial spaces and even undeveloped land.
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Understanding the concept of property is fundamental to navigating the real estate world.
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A mortgage is a financial arrangement where a lender provides you with the necessary funds to purchase a property
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and you repay this loan over time with interest.
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It's a significant part of the home buying process and involves understanding terms like interest rates, down payments and loan duration.
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Next up we have the term landlord or landlady.
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Landlady really isn't used that much anymore landlord is a common term
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that you can use for both genders the landlord is the individual
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or entity who owns the property you are renting
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or leasing they are responsible for maintaining the property
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and ensuring your compliance with the lease agreement knowing the rights
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and responsibilities of both landlords and tenants is crucial for a smooth renting experience And let's check out this term, tenant.
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As a tenant, you are the renter or occupant of a property owned by a landlord.
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Tenants pay rent to landlords in exchange for the use of the property.
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An important term in real estate is lease.
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A lease is a legally binding contract that outlines the terms and conditions of your tenancy.
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It specifies the duration of your stay, rent payments and any rules or regulations you must follow while living in the rented property.
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Leases can vary in length and complexity, so it's important to thoroughly read and understand the terms before signing.
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Residential properties are real estate assets designed for living, such as houses, apartments and condominiums.
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while commercial property refers to real estate specifically used for business or income generating purposes.
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This category includes properties like office buildings, retail spaces, industrial facilities and warehouses.
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Let's move on to investment property.
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These are real estate assets purchased with the intention of generating income or making a profit.
461
These can include rental properties, commercial real estate, or properties bought for future resale.
462
Knowledge of investment property strategies is essential for real estate investors and real estate agents.
463
A real estate agent is a professional who assists individuals in buying or selling property.
464
They have a deep knowledge of the local real estate market
465
and their expertise is invaluable when navigating the complexities of real estate transactions.
466
An appraisal is a professional assessment of a property's value.
467
It is often conducted when buying or refinancing a property.
468
An appraisal is often carried out by a real estate agent.
469
Let's move along to our next term, foreclosure.
470
Foreclosures happen when a property is repossessed by the lender due to the borrower's failure to make mortgage payments.
471
It is a legal process that can result in the property being sold at auction.
472
Let's move on to the term equity.
473
This is the difference between the current market value of a property and the outstanding balance of the mortgage.
474
It represents the homeowner's ownership stake in the property
475
and can increase over time as the mortgage is paid down and the property's value appreciates.
476
Closing costs are the expenses associated with finalizing a real estate transaction.
477
They include fees for services like title searches, appraisals, and legal services.
478
Buyers
479
and sellers need to be aware of these costs as they can significantly affect the overall cost of a real estate transaction.
480
A title is a legal document that proves ownership of a property.
481
It includes details about the property's history, any liens and the current owner.
482
Ensuring the title is in order is essential to avoid potential legal disputes when buying or selling real estate.
483
In British English, a title would be called a deed.
484
The down payment is the initial payment made by the buyer when purchasing a property.
485
It's typically expressed as a percentage of the property's purchase price.
486
Once the down payment is paid, the house or property is secured for the buyer.
487
A home inspection is a thorough examination of a property's condition, usually conducted by a licensed inspector.
488
It helps buyers identify any potential issues or needed repairs before finalising a purchase.
489
A quality home inspection can save buyers from unexpected costs and problems.
490
Thank you.
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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This C1 speaking lesson is built on the video “Learn 20 Professional Accounting English Terms”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: term, stock, investment, price, property. This video has 490 sentences and 5279 words to shadow. The speech runs for 47:28. The speaker talks at a steady 111 words per minute, a comfortable pace for shadowing. Only 77% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.
Key vocabulary in this video
The 15 most advanced words in the video, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| investor noun | /ɪnˈvɛs.tə(ɹ)/ | A person who invests money in order to make a profit. |
| invoice noun | /ˈɪnˌvɔɪs/ | A bill; a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer indicating the products, quantities and agreed prices for products or services that the seller has… |
| lender noun | /ˈlɛn.dɚ/ | One who lends, especially money; specifically, a bank or other entity that specializes in granting loans. |
| vocabulary noun | /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/ | A usually alphabetized and explained collection of words e.g. of a particular field, or prepared for a specific purpose, often for learning. |
| audit noun | /ˈɔːdɪt/ | A judicial examination. |
| ledger noun | /ˈlɛd͡ʒɚ/ | A book for keeping notes; a record book, a register. |
| reconcile verb | /ˈɹɛkənsaɪl/ | To restore a friendly relationship; to bring back or return to harmony. |
| commodity noun | /kəˈmɑdəti/ | Anything movable (a good) that is bought and sold. |
| verb noun | /vɝb/ | A word that indicates an action, event, or state of being. |
| buyer noun | /ˈbaɪ.əɹ/ | A person who makes one or more purchases. |
| amortize verb | /ˈæmɚtaɪz/ | To alienate (property) in mortmain. |
| cryptocurrency noun | /ˈkɹɪp.toʊˌkɝ.ən.si/ | A digital currency based on a cryptographic system, usually having no central issuing or regulating authority. |
| synonym noun | /ˈsɪn.əˌnɪm/ | A term (word or phrase) which is synonymous with others. |
| shareholder noun | /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/ | One who owns shares of stock in a corporation. |
| landlord noun | /ˈlæn(d).lɔɹd/ | A person that leases real property; a lessor. |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| check out verb | To record the departure or withdrawal of someone or something (such as guests, employees, books, etc.). | |
| pay off verb | To bribe, especially to deter oversight. | |
| break down verb | To stop functioning. | |
| carry out verb | /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ | To hold while moving it out. |
| get back to verb | Return to (an activity) | |
| pay down verb | To partially repay (a loan or, metonymically, the thing financed by it). |
Sentences worth repeating
Short, complete lines from the video that you can reuse in everyday conversation:
- I'm stacking lots of individual lessons into this video.
- Let's take a look at our example.
- Let's move on to revenue.
- Let's check out our question.
- Which goods can we consider commodities?
Grammar in this video
The structures the speaker uses most, with the exact words from the video:
| Structure | In the video |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — the focus is on what happens, not who does it | are written · are recorded · would not be found |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — a past action that still matters now | we've already seen · has been · has received |
| Relative clauses who / which + clause — extra information about a person or thing | investments which are · type which is · term which is |
Pronunciation to watch
The speaker uses 36 contractions and reduced forms, such as you're, we're, you'll. Say them the short way, as you hear them.
- The “sh” and “zh” sounds: shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/, depreciation /dɪˌpɹiːʃɪˈeɪʃən/, diversification /daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, obligation /ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/, foreclosure /fɔːɹˈkləʊʒ.əɹ/
- Long words — get the stress right: vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, commodity /kəˈmɑdəti/, cryptocurrency /ˈkɹɪp.toʊˌkɝ.ən.si/, deductible [dɪˈdʌktəbəɫ], depreciation /dɪˌpɹiːʃɪˈeɪʃən/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Shadow it sentence by sentence at normal speed, repeating each one until your rhythm matches the speaker.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like investor, invoice, lender.
What is the Shadowing Technique?
Shadowing is a science-backed language learning technique originally developed for professional interpreter training and popularized by polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. The method is simple but powerful: you listen to native English audio and immediately repeat it out loud — like a shadow following the speaker with just a 1–2 second delay. Unlike passive listening or grammar drills, shadowing forces your brain and mouth muscles to simultaneously process and reproduce real speech patterns. Research shows it significantly improves pronunciation accuracy, intonation, rhythm, connected speech, listening comprehension, and speaking fluency — making it one of the most effective methods for IELTS Speaking preparation and real-world English communication.