Prática de Shadowing: DuPont analysis explained - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Return on Equity, ROA Return on Assets, ROS Return on Sales.
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This video takes you through the financial ratios of the ROE formula, the ROA formula, the ROS formula, asset turnover and leverage, and shows how they fit together.
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The very basics and the very essence of financial ratio analysis.
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The beauty of financial ratios is that they link together information from two of the three main financial statements, the income statement or profit and loss statement, and the balance sheet.
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This gives you a more holistic view of a company's performance than merely looking at one financial statement in isolation.
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ROE, or Return on Equity, is defined as net income divided by equity.
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In other words, the net profit that the company has generated during a year, divided by the book value of the shareholder capital invested in the company.
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ROE is a measure of the rate of return to shareholders.
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For return on equity, at first sight you would say, the higher this ratio is, the better.
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The return on equity financial ratio becomes more meaningful when you dive into its drivers.
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What made the ROE go up or down versus prior year, if you look at the same company?
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Why is the ROE for two companies in different industries, or even in the same industry, different?
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This is where financial analysts owe a big thank you to the DuPont Corporation, for coming up with the idea of breaking ROE into three distinct elements.
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Let me walk you through these elements, ROS, Asset Turnover and Leverage, shortly.
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But first a trivia question.
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In which period did the DuPont Corporation start using the DuPont analysis?
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Was it the 1890s, the 1920s, the 1950s, or 1980s?
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When you are logged into YouTube and are watching this video from a computer, then please click the voting card on the top right to submit your vote.
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I will explain you first what the DuPont formula is, and then share the answer to the quiz question towards the end of the video.
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Here's the three-part version of the DuPont analysis.
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Mathematically, this split makes little sense, as you are multiplying fraction bars where the denominator in one of the fractions is the numerator in another fraction,
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hence they will cancel each other out when multiplied.
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For financial analysis, to split into three pieces makes a lot of sense.
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The first element, ROS or Return on Sales, is Net Income divided by Sales, which is an indicator of the relative profitability or operating efficiency.
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How many cents of profit are generated for every dollar of sales?
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The higher the ROS, the better.
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The second element is Asset Turnover, calculated as Sales divided by Assets, a measure of asset use efficiency.
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Can we maximize the amount of sales we generate with the assets that we have?
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A solid control of working capital is key here to decrease the denominator of assets.
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What are the terms you negotiate with your customers?
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Are you getting your customers to pay on time?
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Is your manufacturing and supply chain operation efficient, so the amount of inventory or stock along the way is minimized?
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All of those help to minimize the denominator.
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The first two elements together, ROS multiplied by Asset Turnover, form ROA .
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This ratio of ROA has many variations.
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Some companies measure ROIC , ROTC , ROCE or RONOA .
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These are all variations on the same theme.
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You look at the returns generated during a period, and compare them to the capital invested in the company to generate those returns.
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ROA is an indicator of business success, influenced by two factors, ROS or Margin Performance,
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and Asset Turnover, which you could call speed or velocity.
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The last element of the DuPont three-part equation is leverage, assets divided by equity.
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Whether they should be high or low is a much discussed question among business people, finance people, and academics, and I don't think there is a definitive answer.
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On the one side, if you can borrow money, take on debt, at low interest rates, and put this money to productive use, you could grow the company faster, and generate higher returns.
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On the other side, if debt is very high compared to the equity in the company, you could increase the risk profile, and decrease your buffer against bankruptcy.
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We have seen plenty of examples of companies that were too highly leveraged, going under in various financial crises over the years.
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Alright, that's the most commonly known three-step version of the DuPont formula.
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Are you ready for some more excitement?
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You can expand the DuPont formula to five steps if you want even more analytical insight
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into the drivers of where your ROE increase or decrease is coming from.
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The two elements on the right stay the same, asset turnover and leverage.
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However, ROS gets split into three elements.
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Net income divided by earnings before tax, which is called tax burden, earnings before tax divided by EBIT,
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called interest burden, and EBIT divided by sales, which is EBIT percentage.
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In a lot of companies, improving the EBIT percentage and increasing the asset turnover are important targets for the management team, whereas the other elements are for the finance,
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treasury and tax departments to manage.
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To close the loop on the DuPont formula, the answer to the trivia question is that this financial ratio analysis method came into use in the 1920s.
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It is still in ubiquitous use, and it can help you to understand the drivers of performance for your company.
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So thank you very much to Donaldson Brown of the DuPont Corporation!
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On the Finance Storyteller YouTube channel, you can find lots of well-researched videos explaining business, finance and accounting topics.
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Please subscribe to the Finance Storyteller channel, and take the time to like the video and comment below.
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On average, I post one new video per week.
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If you subscribe to the channel, you will be the first to see it!
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “DuPont analysis explained”. As palavras que mais se repetem: asset, return, Dupont, financial, element. Este vídeo tem 62 frases e 996 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:15. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 160 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 78% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente. 10 das 62 frases são perguntas, por isso é um bom treino para a entonação de perguntas e respostas curtas.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| turnover substantivo | /ˈtɝnoʊvɚ/ | movimento |
| leverage substantivo | /ˈlɛv.(ə.)ɹɪd͡ʒ/ | alavancagem |
| denominator substantivo | /dɪˈnɒmɪneɪtə(ɹ)/ | denominador |
| multiply verbo | /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ | multiplicar |
| fraction substantivo | /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/ | fração, fracção |
| trivia substantivo | /ˈtɹɪvi.ə/ | curiosidade |
| shareholder substantivo | /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/ | acionista |
| minimize verbo | /ˈmɪn.ɪˌmaɪz/ | minimizar |
| indicator substantivo | /ˈɪn.dɪˌkeɪ.tə(ɹ)/ | indicador |
| subscribe verbo | /səbˈskɹaɪb/ | assinar |
| variation substantivo | /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/ | variação |
| holistic adjetivo | /hoʊˈlɪs.tɪk/ | holístico, holista |
| mathematically advérbio | matematicamente | |
| numerator substantivo | /ˈnuː.məɹˌeɪ̯.təɹ/ | numerador |
| ubiquitous adjetivo | /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ | ubíquo, omnipresente |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| come up with verbo | pensar (em), alcançar |
| go up verbo | subir |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- What are the terms you negotiate with your customers?
- Are you getting your customers to pay on time?
- Are you ready for some more excitement?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is defined · are logged · are generated |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | Sales, which is · tax, which is |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has generated · have seen |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: denominator /dɪˈnɒmɪneɪtə(ɹ)/, indicator /ˈɪn.dɪˌkeɪ.tə(ɹ)/, numerator /ˈnuː.məɹˌeɪ̯.təɹ/, profitability /ˌpɹɑ.fɪ.təˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, ubiquitous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: subscribe /səbˈskɹaɪb/, holistic /hoʊˈlɪs.tɪk/, calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, analyst /ˈænəlɪst/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/, holistic /hoʊˈlɪs.tɪk/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como turnover, leverage, denominator.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.