ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Universal Basic Income Explained – Free Money for Everybody? UBI
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What if the state covered your cost of living?
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Would you still go to work?
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Go back to school?
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Not work at all?
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What would you do?
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This concept is called Universal Basic Income, or UBI, and it's nothing less than the most ambitious social policy of our times.
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In 2017, basic income is gaining momentum around the world.
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First trials are ongoing or on their way, and the growing number of countries are considering UBI as an alternative to welfare.
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How would it work, and what are the key arguments for and against?
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Right now, people can't really agree what universal basic income is or should be.
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Some want to use it to eliminate welfare and cut bureaucracy.
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Others want it as a free extra for existing programs, or even want it to be so high that work itself becomes optional.
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For this video we'll talk mostly about the minimum basic income, enough money to be above the poverty line.
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In the US this means about $1,000 a month or $12,000 a year.
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The money would not be taxed and you could do whatever you wanted with it.
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In this scenario, UBI is a way of transferring the wealth of a society while still keeping the free market in tax.
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But if we hand out free money, will people just spend it on booze and stop working?
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A 2013 study by the World Bank specifically examined
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if poor people waste their handouts on tobacco and alcohol if they receive it in the form of cash.
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The clear answer?
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No, they don't.
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The opposite is true.
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Other studies have shown that the richer you are, the more drugs and alcohol you consume.
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The lazy and drunk poor person is a stereotype rather than reality.
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What about laziness?
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Universal basic income test runs done in Canada in the 1970s showed that around 1% of the recipients stopped working, mostly to take care of their kids.
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On average, people reduced their working hours by less than 10%.
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The extra time was used to achieve goals like going back to school or looking for better jobs.
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But if laziness and drugs are not a huge deal, why doesn't our current welfare state solve poverty?
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Welfare or unemployment programs often come with a lot of strings attached, like taking part in courses,
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applying to a certain number of jobs a month, or accepting any kind of job offer, no matter if it's a good fit or what it pays.
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Besides the loss of personal freedom, these conditions are often a huge waste of time and only serve to make the unemployment statistics seem less bad.
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Often your time would be much better spent looking for the right job, continuing education or starting a business.
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Another unwanted side effect of many welfare programs is that they trap people in poverty and promote passive behavior.
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Imagine a benefit of $1,000 each month.
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In a lot of programs, if you earn a single dollar extra, the whole thing is taken away.
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If you take a job that's paying $1,200, you might not only lose your benefits, but because of your taxes and other costs like transportation,
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you might end up having less money than before before.
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So if you actively try to better your situation and your total income is not improving or even shrinking,
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welfare can create a ceiling that traps people in poverty and rewards passive behavior.
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A basic income can never be cut and therefore getting a job and additional income will always make your financial situation better.
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Work is always rewarded.
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Instead of a ceiling it creates a floor from which people can lift themselves up.
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But even if UBI is the better model, is it economically feasible?
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What about inflation?
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Won't prices just rise, making everything just like it was before?
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Since the money is not being created by magic or printers, it needs to be transferred from somewhere.
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It's more of a shift of funds than the creation of new ones.
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Hence, no inflation.
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Okay, but how do we pay for it?
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There's no right answer here because the world is too diverse.
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How well off a country is?
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What the local values are?
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Are things like high taxes or cutting the defense budget politically acceptable or not?
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How much welfare state is already in place and is it effective?
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Each country has its own individual path to a UBI.
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The easiest way to pay for a UBI is to end all welfare and use the free funds to finance it.
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Not only would this make a number of government agencies disappear, which in itself saves money, it would also eliminate a lot of bureaucracy.
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On the other hand, cutting them could leave many people worse off than before.
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If the goal is to have a foundation for everybody, there still need to be programs of some sort, because just like countries, people are not the same.
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The second way, higher taxes, especially for the very wealthy.
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In the US, for example, there's been a lot of economic growth, but most of the benefits from it have gone to the richest few percent.
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The wealth gap is rapidly widening, and many argue that it might be time to distribute the spoils more evenly to preserve the social peace.
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There could be taxes on financial transactions, capital, land value, carbon or even robots.
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But UBI is not necessarily expensive.
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According to a recent study, a UBI of $1,000 per month in the US could actually grow the GDP by 12% over 8 years
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because it would enable poor people to spend more and increase overall demand.
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What about the people who do the dirty work?
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Who will work in the fields, crawl through sewers, or lift pianos?
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If you don't need to for survival, will people still do hard, boring and unfulfilling labour?
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UBI might give them enough leverage to demand better pay and working conditions.
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A study calculated that every extra dollar going to wage earners would add about $1.21 to the national economy,
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while every extra dollar going to high-income Americans would add only 39 cents.
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There would still be very rich and poor people, but we could eliminate fear, suffering and existential panic for a significant part of the population.
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Making poor citizens better off could be a smart economic tactic.
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For some, this isn't enough.
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They want a UBI large enough to live a middle-class existence.
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If we set the financial obstacle aside, this idea fundamentally challenges how our society is constructed.
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By earning money, you earn the possibility to take part in society.
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This determines your status and options, but it also forces many people into spending huge chunks of their time on things they don't care about.
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In 2016, only 33% of US employees were engaged at work,
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16% were actively miserable, and the remaining 51% were only physically present.
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Would 67% of people stop working if they could?
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It would be unfair to portray work as just a chore.
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Work gives us something to do.
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It challenges us.
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It motivates us to improve.
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It forces us to engage.
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Many find friends or partners at work.
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We work for social status, wealth and our place in the world.
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We're looking for something to do with our lives.
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And for many people, work gives them meaning.
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There are other concerns with UBI.
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If all welfare programs were exchanged for one single payment, payment, this gives the government a lot of leverage.
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Individual programs are easier to attack or cut than a multitude.
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Or populists might promise drastic changes to the UBI to get into power.
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And a universal basic income doesn't tackle all problems when it comes to inequality.
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Rents for example.
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While $1,000 might be great in the countryside, it's not a lot for expensive metropolitan areas,
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which could lead to poor people moving outwards and the difference between rich and poor becoming even more extreme.
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And of course, for some people, the concept of work itself not being essential for survival is appalling.
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So is the universal basic income a good idea?
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The honest answer is that we don't know yet.
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There needs to be a lot more research, more and bigger test runs.
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We need to think about what kind of UBI we want and what we're prepared to give up to pay for it.
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The potential is huge.
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It might be the most promising model to sustainably eliminate poverty.
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It might seriously reduce the amount of desperation in the world and make us all much less stressed out.
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This video was made possible by a universal basic income provided by you, our viewers.
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10,000 people around the world gift us a monthly income on patreon.com slash kurzgesagt
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You enable us to pay salaries
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and buy new hardware You enable us to make more videos and you enable us to spend more time on them
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Kurzgesagt would truly not be what it is today without your help
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You help us stay independent and you give us the freedom to put quality before quantity Thank you so much
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
วิดีโอนี้มี 114 ประโยค และ 1506 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 9:48 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 154 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 85% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| welfare คำนาม | /ˈwɛlˌfɛɚ/ | สวัสดิภาพ |
| universal คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/ | จักรวาล |
| poverty คำนาม | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | ความจน, ความยากจน |
| earn คำกริยา | /ɝn/ | หาเงิน |
| reward คำนาม | /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/ | รางวัล |
| trap คำนาม | /tɹæp/ | กับ, กับดัก |
| unemployment คำนาม | /ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/ | การว่างงาน |
| ceiling คำนาม | /ˈsilɪŋ/ | เพดาน |
| inflation คำนาม | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | เงินเฟ้อ, ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ |
| bureaucracy คำนาม | /bjʊˈɹɑ.kɹə.si/ | อมาตยาธิปไตย |
| necessarily คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ | /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/ | ต้อง |
| argue คำกริยา | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | เถียง, ถก |
| suffer คำกริยา | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | ตรำ |
| wage คำนาม | /weɪd͡ʒ/ | ค่าจ้าง, ค่าแรง |
| solve คำกริยา | /sɒlv/ | แก้, แก้ไข |
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| ประโยคเงื่อนไข if + อนุประโยค, will/would + กริยา — เงื่อนไขและผลลัพธ์ | if we hand out free money, will people |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | is called · would not be taxed · is taken |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | have shown · there's been |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 12 ครั้ง เช่น don't, doesn't, we're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, transaction /tɹænˈzækʃən/, ambitious /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/, optional /ˈɑp.ʃə.nəl/, desperation /ˌdɛspəˈɹeɪʃən/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, unemployment /ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/, bureaucracy /bjʊˈɹɑ.kɹə.si/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง welfare, universal, poverty เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ