跟讀練習: Universal Basic Income Explained – Free Money for Everybody? UBI - 通過影片學習英語口語

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What if the state covered your cost of living?

Would you still go to work?

Go back to school?

Not work at all?

What would you do?

This concept is called Universal Basic Income, or UBI, and it's nothing less than the most ambitious social policy of our times.

In 2017, basic income is gaining momentum around the world.

First trials are ongoing or on their way, and the growing number of countries are considering UBI as an alternative to welfare.

How would it work, and what are the key arguments for and against?

Right now, people can't really agree what universal basic income is or should be.

Some want to use it to eliminate welfare and cut bureaucracy.

Others want it as a free extra for existing programs, or even want it to be so high that work itself becomes optional.

For this video we'll talk mostly about the minimum basic income, enough money to be above the poverty line.

In the US this means about $1,000 a month or $12,000 a year.

The money would not be taxed and you could do whatever you wanted with it.

In this scenario, UBI is a way of transferring the wealth of a society while still keeping the free market in tax.

But if we hand out free money, will people just spend it on booze and stop working?

A 2013 study by the World Bank specifically examined

if poor people waste their handouts on tobacco and alcohol if they receive it in the form of cash.

The clear answer?

No, they don't.

The opposite is true.

Other studies have shown that the richer you are, the more drugs and alcohol you consume.

The lazy and drunk poor person is a stereotype rather than reality.

What about laziness?

Universal basic income test runs done in Canada in the 1970s showed that around 1% of the recipients stopped working, mostly to take care of their kids.

On average, people reduced their working hours by less than 10%.

The extra time was used to achieve goals like going back to school or looking for better jobs.

But if laziness and drugs are not a huge deal, why doesn't our current welfare state solve poverty?

Welfare or unemployment programs often come with a lot of strings attached, like taking part in courses,

applying to a certain number of jobs a month, or accepting any kind of job offer, no matter if it's a good fit or what it pays.

Besides the loss of personal freedom, these conditions are often a huge waste of time and only serve to make the unemployment statistics seem less bad.

Often your time would be much better spent looking for the right job, continuing education or starting a business.

Another unwanted side effect of many welfare programs is that they trap people in poverty and promote passive behavior.

Imagine a benefit of $1,000 each month.

In a lot of programs, if you earn a single dollar extra, the whole thing is taken away.

If you take a job that's paying $1,200, you might not only lose your benefits, but because of your taxes and other costs like transportation,

you might end up having less money than before before.

So if you actively try to better your situation and your total income is not improving or even shrinking,

welfare can create a ceiling that traps people in poverty and rewards passive behavior.

A basic income can never be cut and therefore getting a job and additional income will always make your financial situation better.

Work is always rewarded.

Instead of a ceiling it creates a floor from which people can lift themselves up.

But even if UBI is the better model, is it economically feasible?

What about inflation?

Won't prices just rise, making everything just like it was before?

Since the money is not being created by magic or printers, it needs to be transferred from somewhere.

It's more of a shift of funds than the creation of new ones.

Hence, no inflation.

Okay, but how do we pay for it?

There's no right answer here because the world is too diverse.

How well off a country is?

What the local values are?

Are things like high taxes or cutting the defense budget politically acceptable or not?

How much welfare state is already in place and is it effective?

Each country has its own individual path to a UBI.

The easiest way to pay for a UBI is to end all welfare and use the free funds to finance it.

Not only would this make a number of government agencies disappear, which in itself saves money, it would also eliminate a lot of bureaucracy.

On the other hand, cutting them could leave many people worse off than before.

If the goal is to have a foundation for everybody, there still need to be programs of some sort, because just like countries, people are not the same.

The second way, higher taxes, especially for the very wealthy.

In the US, for example, there's been a lot of economic growth, but most of the benefits from it have gone to the richest few percent.

The wealth gap is rapidly widening, and many argue that it might be time to distribute the spoils more evenly to preserve the social peace.

There could be taxes on financial transactions, capital, land value, carbon or even robots.

But UBI is not necessarily expensive.

According to a recent study, a UBI of $1,000 per month in the US could actually grow the GDP by 12% over 8 years

because it would enable poor people to spend more and increase overall demand.

What about the people who do the dirty work?

Who will work in the fields, crawl through sewers, or lift pianos?

If you don't need to for survival, will people still do hard, boring and unfulfilling labour?

UBI might give them enough leverage to demand better pay and working conditions.

A study calculated that every extra dollar going to wage earners would add about $1.21 to the national economy,

while every extra dollar going to high-income Americans would add only 39 cents.

There would still be very rich and poor people, but we could eliminate fear, suffering and existential panic for a significant part of the population.

Making poor citizens better off could be a smart economic tactic.

For some, this isn't enough.

They want a UBI large enough to live a middle-class existence.

If we set the financial obstacle aside, this idea fundamentally challenges how our society is constructed.

By earning money, you earn the possibility to take part in society.

This determines your status and options, but it also forces many people into spending huge chunks of their time on things they don't care about.

In 2016, only 33% of US employees were engaged at work,

16% were actively miserable, and the remaining 51% were only physically present.

Would 67% of people stop working if they could?

It would be unfair to portray work as just a chore.

Work gives us something to do.

It challenges us.

It motivates us to improve.

It forces us to engage.

Many find friends or partners at work.

We work for social status, wealth and our place in the world.

We're looking for something to do with our lives.

And for many people, work gives them meaning.

There are other concerns with UBI.

If all welfare programs were exchanged for one single payment, payment, this gives the government a lot of leverage.

Individual programs are easier to attack or cut than a multitude.

Or populists might promise drastic changes to the UBI to get into power.

And a universal basic income doesn't tackle all problems when it comes to inequality.

Rents for example.

While $1,000 might be great in the countryside, it's not a lot for expensive metropolitan areas,

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which could lead to poor people moving outwards and the difference between rich and poor becoming even more extreme.

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And of course, for some people, the concept of work itself not being essential for survival is appalling.

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So is the universal basic income a good idea?

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The honest answer is that we don't know yet.

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There needs to be a lot more research, more and bigger test runs.

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We need to think about what kind of UBI we want and what we're prepared to give up to pay for it.

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The potential is huge.

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It might be the most promising model to sustainably eliminate poverty.

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It might seriously reduce the amount of desperation in the world and make us all much less stressed out.

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This video was made possible by a universal basic income provided by you, our viewers.

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10,000 people around the world gift us a monthly income on patreon.com slash kurzgesagt

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You enable us to pay salaries

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and buy new hardware You enable us to make more videos and you enable us to spend more time on them

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Kurzgesagt would truly not be what it is today without your help

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You help us stay independent and you give us the freedom to put quality before quantity Thank you so much

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這段影片共有 114 個句子、1506 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 9:48。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 154 個詞，接近日常對話。 85% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
welfare 名詞	/ˈwɛlˌfɛɚ/	福利, 幸福
universal 形容詞	/ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/	宇宙的
poverty 名詞	/ˈpɑːvɚti/	貧窮 /貧窮, 貧困 /貧困
eliminate 動詞	/ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/	消滅 /消滅, 消除
earn 動詞	/ɝn/	掙 /掙, 賺 /賺
survival 名詞	/sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/	生存
reward 名詞	/ɹɪˈwɔɹd/	報酬 /報酬, 獎勵 /獎勵
trap 名詞	/tɹæp/	陷阱, 圈套
unemployment 名詞	/ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/	失業 /失業
ceiling 名詞	/ˈsilɪŋ/	天花板, 天棚
inflation 名詞	/ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/	通貨膨脹 /通貨膨脹, 通脹 /通脹
passive 形容詞	/ˈpæs.ɪv/	被動 /被動
leverage 名詞	/ˈlɛv.(ə.)ɹɪd͡ʒ/	槓桿 /槓桿
bureaucracy 名詞	/bjʊˈɹɑ.kɹə.si/	官僚體制 /官僚體制
necessarily 副詞	/ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/	必然地, 必定地

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
end up 動詞	到達
hand out 動詞	分配

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
條件句 if + 從句，will/would + 動詞 — 條件及其結果	if we hand out free money, will people
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is called · would not be taxed · is taken
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	have shown · there's been

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 12 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, doesn't, we're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, transaction /tɹænˈzækʃən/, ambitious /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/, optional /ˈɑp.ʃə.nəl/, desperation /ˌdɛspəˈɹeɪʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, unemployment /ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/, bureaucracy /bjʊˈɹɑ.kɹə.si/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 welfare, universal, poverty 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Universal Basic Income Explained – Free Money for Everybody? UBI - 通過影片學習英語口語

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