Shadowing Practice: What is Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)? - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Today we're talking about arteriovenous malformations or AVM for short.
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A lot of times people ask me, what is an AVM or an arteriovenous malformation?
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And it's a very good question.
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Arteriovenous malformations can be very complicated.
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I'd like to draw an AVM for you so you can help understand this process.
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An AVM is basically a tangle of very, very immature blood vessels in the brain.
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in the brain.
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It almost looks like a bird's nest, but very immature arteries.
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There are many arteries that feed into an AVM, and typically there are very large veins that drain the AVM.
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I'll label these to be clear.
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These are veins and these are arteries.
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The arteries or fire hoses is bring a lot of pressure and blood into the AVM.
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And veins, as you remember, veins you have in your arm are very soft and weak.
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And these veins don't like the amount of blood flow that comes through the AVM.
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This AVM lives in the brain tissue.
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And so it's a potential that all this blood going through the AVM can cause the AVM to break or bleed, which can cause very, very serious problems in the brain.
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Approximately three to 4% of AVMs will rupture every year.
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So neurosurgeons like to treat AVMs to prevent that from happening.
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There are many different treatment strategies to treat an arteriovenous malformation into someone's brain and I'll quickly go through all those.
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The first one and one of the most tried and true procedures is brain surgery to physically remove the AVM from the brain.
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The way this is done is with a small incision on the scalp.
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We remove some bone from the skull, which we put back later, and we physically remove the AVM.
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An AVM is removed by coagulating or sacrificing arteries that feed the AVM to reduce the blood flow.
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Then we coagulate and remove the veins, and we physically then take the AVM out of the brain.
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This cures the AVM.
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Now sometimes AVMs have so much blood flow that go into them that we need to slow that blood flow down before surgery.
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This way we can accomplish by taking blood catheters up into our AVM and injecting various substances like glue or a material called onyx, which is like black toothpaste that can slow down the AVM.
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These catheters are placed in the artery and then we simply inject that material in the AVM to slow the AVM down.
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We don't think we can cure the AVM with that approach but it helps us to operate on the AVM because there's less blood flow.
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The last option I'll discuss is something called gamma knife radiosurgery which is a form of radiation therapy that is very accurately targeted to the AVM.
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It's an outpatient procedure.
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You only need typically one dose of radiation and that radiation over two to three years potentially helps melt or remove the AVM from the brain.
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This is a minimally invasive approach, and some patients like this approach for their AVM.
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The decision on what treatment modality to use is a complex decision, and we can discuss this further at your clinic visit.

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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları

Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 34 cümle ve 532 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 3:14 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 164 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin yalnızca %78’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.

Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler

Videodan daha az kullanılan 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:

  • vein /veɪn/ (isim) — damar. A blood vessel that transports blood from the capillaries back to the heart.
  • artery /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/ (isim) — arter, atardamar. Any of the muscular- and elastic-walled blood vessels forming part of the circulation system by which blood is conveyed away from the heart regardless of its…
  • radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ (isim) — ışınım. The shooting forth of anything from a point or surface, like diverging rays of light.
  • procedure /pɹəˈsiː.d͡ʒə/ (isim) — işlem, prosedür. A particular method for performing a task.
  • cure /kjɔː/ (fiil) — tedavi etmek, iyileştirmek. To restore to health.
  • bone /boʊn/ (isim) — kemik. A composite material consisting largely of calcium phosphate and collagen and making up the skeleton of most vertebrates.
  • complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ (sıfat) — karışık, komplike. Difficult or convoluted.
  • label /ˈleɪ.bəl/ (isim) — etiket. A small ticket or sign giving information about something to which it is attached or intended to be attached.
  • knife /ˈnaɪ̯f/ (isim) — bıçak. A utensil or a tool designed for cutting, consisting of a flat piece of hard material, usually steel or other metal (the blade), usually sharpened on one edge…
  • sacrifice /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/ (isim) — kurban, kurbanlık. Originally, the killing (and often burning) of a human being or an animal as an offering to a deity; later, also the offering of an object to a deity.
  • vessel /ˈvɛsəl/ (isim) — tekne, gemi. Any craft designed for transportation on or in water, such as a ship, boat, or submarine.
  • substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ (isim) — madde. Physical matter; material.
  • clinic /ˈklɪn.ɪk/ (isim) — klinik. A medical facility, such as a hospital, especially one for the treatment and diagnosis of outpatients.
  • dose /ˈdəʊ̯s/ (isim) — doz. A measured portion of medicine taken at any one time.
  • drain /dɹiːn/ (isim) — gider, yağmur gideri. A conduit allowing liquid to flow out of an otherwise contained volume; a plughole (UK)

Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller

  • put back (fiil) — geri koymak. To return something to its original place.
  • slow down (fiil) — yavaşlamak. To decelerate.

Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar

Konuşmacı I'll, don't, I'd gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 7 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.

  • “th” sesleri: catheter /ˈkæθɪtɚ/, toothpaste /ˈtuθpeɪst/
  • “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, incision /ɪnˈsɪʒən/
  • Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, accurately /ˈæk.jə.ɹɪt.li/, coagulate /koʊˈæɡ.jə.leɪt/

Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır

  1. Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
  2. 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
  3. Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; vein, artery, radiation gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Bu videodaki dil bilgisi

Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:

YapıVideoda
Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemliis done · is removed · are placed
İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgibleed, which can · onyx, which is · radiosurgery which is

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Shadowing tekniği: adım adım eksiksiz rehberi okuyun →