Shadowing Practice: What is Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Today we're talking about arteriovenous malformations or AVM for short.
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A lot of times people ask me, what is an AVM or an arteriovenous malformation?
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And it's a very good question.
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Arteriovenous malformations can be very complicated.
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I'd like to draw an AVM for you so you can help understand this process.
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An AVM is basically a tangle of very, very immature blood vessels in the brain.
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in the brain.
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It almost looks like a bird's nest, but very immature arteries.
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There are many arteries that feed into an AVM, and typically there are very large veins that drain the AVM.
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I'll label these to be clear.
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These are veins and these are arteries.
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The arteries or fire hoses is bring a lot of pressure and blood into the AVM.
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And veins, as you remember, veins you have in your arm are very soft and weak.
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And these veins don't like the amount of blood flow that comes through the AVM.
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This AVM lives in the brain tissue.
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And so it's a potential that all this blood going through the AVM can cause the AVM to break or bleed, which can cause very, very serious problems in the brain.
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Approximately three to 4% of AVMs will rupture every year.
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So neurosurgeons like to treat AVMs to prevent that from happening.
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There are many different treatment strategies to treat an arteriovenous malformation into someone's brain and I'll quickly go through all those.
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The first one and one of the most tried and true procedures is brain surgery to physically remove the AVM from the brain.
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The way this is done is with a small incision on the scalp.
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We remove some bone from the skull, which we put back later, and we physically remove the AVM.
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An AVM is removed by coagulating or sacrificing arteries that feed the AVM to reduce the blood flow.
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Then we coagulate and remove the veins, and we physically then take the AVM out of the brain.
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This cures the AVM.
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Now sometimes AVMs have so much blood flow that go into them that we need to slow that blood flow down before surgery.
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This way we can accomplish by taking blood catheters up into our AVM and injecting various substances like glue or a material called onyx, which is like black toothpaste that can slow down the AVM.
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These catheters are placed in the artery and then we simply inject that material in the AVM to slow the AVM down.
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We don't think we can cure the AVM with that approach but it helps us to operate on the AVM because there's less blood flow.
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The last option I'll discuss is something called gamma knife radiosurgery which is a form of radiation therapy that is very accurately targeted to the AVM.
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It's an outpatient procedure.
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You only need typically one dose of radiation and that radiation over two to three years potentially helps melt or remove the AVM from the brain.
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This is a minimally invasive approach, and some patients like this approach for their AVM.
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The decision on what treatment modality to use is a complex decision, and we can discuss this further at your clinic visit.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Este vídeo tiene 34 frases y 532 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 3:14. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 164 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 78 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras menos comunes del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
- vein /veɪn/ (sustantivo) — vena. A blood vessel that transports blood from the capillaries back to the heart.
- artery /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/ (sustantivo) — arteria. Any of the muscular- and elastic-walled blood vessels forming part of the circulation system by which blood is conveyed away from the heart regardless of its…
- physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/ (adverbio) — físicamente. In a physical manner.
- radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ (sustantivo) — radiación. The shooting forth of anything from a point or surface, like diverging rays of light.
- procedure /pɹəˈsiː.d͡ʒə/ (sustantivo) — procedimiento. A particular method for performing a task.
- cure /kjɔː/ (verbo) — curar. To restore to health.
- immature /ɪməˈtjʊə(ɹ)/ (adjetivo) — inmaturo. Not fully formed or developed; not grown.
- bone /boʊn/ (sustantivo) — hueso. A composite material consisting largely of calcium phosphate and collagen and making up the skeleton of most vertebrates.
- complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ (adjetivo) — complicado. Difficult or convoluted.
- label /ˈleɪ.bəl/ (sustantivo) — etiqueta, rótulo. A small ticket or sign giving information about something to which it is attached or intended to be attached.
- knife /ˈnaɪ̯f/ (sustantivo) — cuchillo. A utensil or a tool designed for cutting, consisting of a flat piece of hard material, usually steel or other metal (the blade), usually sharpened on one edge…
- potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/ (adverbio) — potencialmente, presuntamente. In a manner showing much potential; with the possibility of happening in a given way.
- tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/ (sustantivo) — tejido. Thin, woven, gauzelike fabric.
- sacrifice /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/ (sustantivo) — sacrificio. Originally, the killing (and often burning) of a human being or an animal as an offering to a deity; later, also the offering of an object to a deity.
- vessel /ˈvɛsəl/ (sustantivo) — embarcación, barco. Any craft designed for transportation on or in water, such as a ship, boat, or submarine.
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
- go through (verbo) — atravesar. To travel from one end of something to the other.
- put back (verbo) — poner de vuelta, recolocar. To return something to its original place.
- slow down (verbo) — desacelerar, decelerar. To decelerate.
- talk about (verbo) — hablar de, hablar sobre. Used to draw attention to the speaker's characterization of someone or something.
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 7 contracciones y formas reducidas, como I'll, don't, I'd. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “th”: catheter /ˈkæθɪtɚ/, toothpaste /ˈtuθpeɪst/
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, incision /ɪnˈsɪʒən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, accurately /ˈæk.jə.ɹɪt.li/, coagulate /koʊˈæɡ.jə.leɪt/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como vein, artery, physically.
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | is done · is removed · are placed |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | bleed, which can · onyx, which is · radiosurgery which is |
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.