Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Procrastination: Crash Course Study Skills #6

Down to brass tacks, friend.

Last week we covered several techniques for improving your ability to focus on your work and resist distractions.

This week we’re digging into a related issue, which is in fact the most pernicious problem that perpetually plagues pupils… procrastination.

Nick, I still think that intro needs more alliteration. And cowbell.

Before we dive into specific solutions, it’s useful to know why we procrastinate.

Now, we could go deep on the biological battle between your prefrontal cortex and your limbic system, or in a million other directions, but since our focus is on solving the procrastination problem, one recent explanation that I find to be particularly useful is Temporal Motivation Theory, which is laid out by Dr. Piers Steele in his book The Procrastination Equation.

This theory suggests that a person’s motivation to complete a task or assignment can be represented by – you guessed it – an equation.

And that equation is: Motivation = / Now, while I don’t really think all the complexities of human behavior can be boiled down into a neat little equation, I do think that this Procrastination Equation is a useful mental model for pinpointing the specific causes of our procrastination.

So let’s go ahead and break it down.

Expectancy is a term that represents how strongly you believe that you’re able to complete a task, and it has an inverse correlation with your procrastination.

If you feel competent at what you’re doing, your expectancy will be high and that will increase your motivation to get to work.

If the task looks really difficult, though, expectancy will be low and you’ll be more likely to procrastinate.

The other place where you’ll find that inverse correlation is between procrastination and Value, which includes the rewards you get for completing the task, as well as how pleasant – or unpleasant – the experience of actually doing it is.

Impulsiveness is how susceptible you are to distractions and, well, impulses to do other things, and it’s directly correlated with procrastination.

The less able you are to resist that sudden desire to go check Twitter, the more you’re going to put off working on that English paper.

And if you’re thinking about going to check Twitter right now, remember: if you can resist that impulse, you’ll actually be strengthening your brain’s ability to focus.

So fight it, friend.

Finally, there’s Delay, which is the amount of time between now and when you’ll get the reward for completing the task.

Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

The longer the delay is, the more you’ll tend to procrastinate.

This happens because human beings naturally place far more value on the short-term rather than long-term rewards – even if those long-term rewards are objectively greater.

For most of human history, this was a helpful bit of brain programming.

If you were a hunter-gatherer living in 10,000 BCE, you had no reason to care about the antelopes you were gonna hunt in 3 years – all that mattered was the one in front of you right now.

But today, when your success in life depends more on studying for tests and remembering to put money in an IRA than on your antelope-hunting skills, your brain’s hard-wired preference for short-term rewards becomes a hinderance.

It’s the main reason why you consistently find yourself cramming for tests the night before; rationally, you know you should start studying a few weeks in advance, but most of your brain is like, “Eh, is that really necessary?” And to make matters worse, Delay is the hardest factor in the equation to control, since the time at which we’ll get a task’s reward is often set in stone.

This is especially true when you’re in school, since almost everything has a due date.

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

It’s useful to simply be able to recognize that the delay between now and when you’ll reap a task’s reward matters a lot when it comes to your procrastination.

And, really, that’s the value of the equation as a whole; it’s a mental model that makes it easy to pinpoint why you’re procrastinating.

If it’s because you feel like you’re not skilled enough to actually complete the task, then you need to find a way to increase Expectancy.

Or, if you notice that your attention is constantly being pulled in other directions, then it’s time to figure out how to decrease your Impulsiveness.

So now let’s go over some specific ideas for manipulating those three most malleable factors.

To raise Expectancy you can do several things.

One of the most helpful is to break the task down into smaller sub-tasks.

Doing this allows you to narrow your focus to something that’s not nearly as daunting, and it also lets you more clearly define the specific actions you have to take.

So if you’re writing a paper, realize that “write a paper” is a project that can – and should – be broken down.

You’ve got the research phase, the rough draft phase – which you can break further down into sections, like the intro, arguments, and conclusion – and then you’ve got the editing phase.

Once you’ve defined these actions and know what order to tackle them in, you’ll have a much clearer vision of what should be done right now.

Plus, writing the rough draft of an intro paragraph is much easier than trying to write the entire paper all at once.

Another great way to raise Expectancy is to simply ask for help.

While being able to figure things out on your own is definitely a useful skill, there comes a point when refusing to reach out to someone else only slows you down.

So go to your teacher’s office hours, or find a friend to form a study group with.

Now when it comes to improving a task’s Value, there are a few things you can do: 1. Improve the actual reward for completing the task 2. Improve the experience of doing the work itself 3. Add additional rewards, or mini-rewards for completing sub-tasks The best way to improve the first item on the list is to choose work that’s more fulfilling to you.

Now, you have some amount of control over this when you’re selecting your classes, and as you move into your career and build up more experience, that amount of control will definitely increase.

However, when you’re a student, there are still a ton of required classes and things that you just have to do.

And once you’ve started, it’s pretty difficult to improve the actual reward – it’s usually set in stone.

If you finish a math assignment, you’ll get the credit for it and you’ll improve your math skills. Pretty simple.

But you do have a lot of control over the other two items.

To make the experience of doing the work itself more pleasant, you could choose a study location that you enjoy being in – like a coffee shop or your favorite spot in the library.

You can also find a good study music playlist, work with a friend, or go for a quick walk beforehand to raise your energy levels before you start.

And additional rewards can further boost your motivation.

There are several ways to create these, including gamification, which is the idea of taking elements from games and applying them to your work.

One of my favorite ways to do this is with Habitica, an app that essentially turns productivity into a role-playing game.

Habitica takes all the elements that make RPGs like Pokemon and Final Fantasy so addicting – leveling up, experience points, gear – and it applies them to real life.

I use Habitica as a tool for sticking to my morning routine and making sure I work out enough, but there’s also a to-do list function, which you can use for individual assignments and tasks.

Now, if you don’t want to do that, you can keep things simpler by just setting up small rewards for finishing sub-tasks – like letting yourself watch a movie or go out with friends after you finish taking notes on a couple of sources for that research paper you’re working on.

And it’s here that I want to talk about the concept of low-density fun vs. high-density fun.

See, a lot of students feel like they have too much work to ever let themselves do anything fun that takes a significant amount of time.

Maybe you’ve had these kinds of thoughts yourself, as well.

You think, “Man, I’d really love to play Horizon Zero Dawn right now, but I should really use that time to study.” The irony is that these same students who are constantly denying themselves that high-density fun are also spending a lot of time checking Facebook, or picking new outfits for their Bitmoji avatars, or browsing dank memes.

These things represent low-density fun; they’re more attractive than doing work, and it’s easy to convince yourself that you’re only gonna do them for 5 minutes.

But inevitably you do end up spending a ton of time on them – after all, these websites and apps are literally designed from the ground up to be as addictive as possible – and what’s worse, they’re not actually fun.

They’re just distractions.

And if you waste all your time on them, you leave no time for actual, high-density fun that can act as a true motivator for finishing your work.

So the counterintuitive tip here is that you NEED to let yourself have this high-density fun.

Give yourself two hours tonight to play that new video game.

Or join that offroad dirtboarding club you’ve had your eye on.

When you allow yourself to do these things, you create anticipation that can be used as focusing energy for your work.

And that brings us to Impulsiveness.

Now, to be honest, last week’s video on Focus and Concentration provided most of the in-depth tips you’re gonna need to reducing your tendency to give into distractions.

So today I’m just gonna reiterate that your environment really matters.

If you’re studying in a place where you have access to distractions, your attention is more likely to be pulled away by them.

So find a dedicated study spot away from friends and away from video games.

Sometimes, you might even need to lock that environment down a bit.

In fact, when I was writing the script for this very video, I used a program called Cold Turkey to literally block most of the websites I usually visit.

One thing that the Procrastination Equation doesn’t cover is the role that willpower plays in procrastination.

Now, for a long time, it was believed that willpower was a limited resource – and that it drained throughout the day as you made decisions that deviated from the path of least resistance.

This phenomenon was called ego depletion.

During the past couple of years, though, the ego depletion theory been challenged by some conflicting research, so it’s tough to say whether or not willpower itself really is this limited pool that you draw from throughout the day.

Ego depletion controversy aside, though, your body – and, by extension, your brain – runs on a cycle of work and rest.

There’s only so much you can do in a day before you exhaust your mental resources.

Plus, when you put off a challenging assignment in favor of doing a bunch of easy work first, it becomes really easy to convince yourself that you’ve “done enough” for the day once that easy work is done.

That’s why one of the best ways to beat procrastination is to just knuckle down and do the most difficult, unpleasant thing on your to-do list first.

This is often called “eating the frog” – and as Mark Twain once said: "If it's your job to eat a frog, it's best to do it first thing in the morning.

And If it's your job to eat two frogs, it's best to eat the biggest one first." Now, I’d prefer not to eat any frogs whatsoever.

I’d much rather eat a tomato, which in Italian would be called a “pomodoro” – and that happens to be the name of the final technique we’re going to discuss today.

The Pomodoro Technique is a simple little hack you can use to stop procrastinating, and all it requires is a timer and a little piece of paper.

To use it, first decide on one singular task you’re going to work on.

Then, set your timer for 25 minutes, and work as hard as you can on that task during that time.

If a distraction comes up, or if you get the impulse to do something else, write it down on the piece of paper and then get back to work.

Finally, once the timer goes off, take a 5 minute break and then repeat the process until you’re ready for a longer break.

This method works so well because the timer helps you to reframe your task as input-based rather than output-based.

Instead of feeling like you need to finish an entire math assignment or that rough draft of your paper, you know you just need to work for 25 minutes.

This act of reframing cuts down on the initial resistance you feel towards the task, since 25 minutes of work doesn't feel like a huge investment of effort.

Additionally, the timer creates an external motivator.

Instead of relying on your brain to keep track of how long you should work, you let the timer do it for you.

It’s the next best thing to having a coach or drill instructor there to keep you on task – and for that reason, you need to make sure you actually use a timer – or at least a timer app, like tomato timer.com, or Tide on iOS and Android.

Now there are definitely more techniques for beating procrastination that we could talk about, but there comes a point where talking about productivity becomes a form of procrastination itself.

So now it’s time to take what you’ve learned from this video, apply it, and get to work. Good luck.

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Crash Course Study Skills is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio in Missoula, MT, and it's made with the help of all of these nice people.

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If you'd like to keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can support the series at Patreon, a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support the content that you love.

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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này

Bài luyện nói trình độ B2 này dựa trên video “Procrastination: Crash Course Study Skills”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: task, procrastination, reward. Video này có 102 câu và 2421 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 10:11. Người nói nói nhanh, khoảng 238 từ mỗi phút, nên sẽ có nhiều chỗ nối âm và nuốt âm. 83% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất; phần còn lại nên xem trước khi luyện.

Từ vựng quan trọng trong video

15 từ khó nhất trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:

Từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa
procrastination danh từ	/pɹəʊˌkɹæs.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/	trì hoãn
equation danh từ	/ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/	phương trình
mathematics danh từ	/mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/	toán học
resist động từ	/ɹɪˈzɪst/	chống cự
antelope danh từ	/ˈæn.tɪ.loʊp/	linh dương
tomato danh từ	/təˈmeɪ.toʊ/	cà chua
crowdfunding danh từ		gây quỹ quần chúng
hindrance danh từ	/ˈhɪndɹəns/	vật cản, cản trở
knuckle danh từ	/ˈnʌkəl/	khớp
reap động từ	/ˈɹiːp/	gặt
browse động từ	/bɹaʊz/	đọc lướt qua
addict danh từ	/ˈæd.ɪkt/	người nghiện
manipulate động từ	/məˈnɪp.jʊ.leɪt/	điều khiển, thao túng
pupil danh từ	/ˈpjuːpəl/	học sinh, học trò
boil động từ	/bɔɪ(ə)l/	đun, đun sôi

Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

Từ	Nghĩa
break down động từ	hỏng, hỏng hóc

Ngữ pháp trong video

Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:

Cấu trúc	Trong video
Câu điều kiện if + mệnh đề, will/would + động từ — điều kiện và kết quả	if you can resist that impulse, you'll actually · If you finish a math assignment, you'll get
Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm	is laid · can be represented · can be boiled
Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật	issue, which is · Theory, which is · Delay, which is
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại	you've defined · you've started · you've learned

Phát âm cần chú ý

Người nói dùng 52 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ you're, you'll, you've. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.

Âm “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/
Âm “sh” và “zh”: procrastination /pɹəʊˌkɹæs.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, distraction /dɪsˈtɹæk.ʃən/, depletion /dɪˈpliːʃən/, correlation /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/
Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: procrastination /pɹəʊˌkɹæs.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, expectancy /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/, procrastinate /pɹoʊˈkɹæs.tə.neɪt/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, motivator /ˈməʊ.təˌveɪ.tə/

Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:

Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: assignment /əˈsaɪn.mənt/, impulse /ˈɪmpʌls/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, resist /ɹɪˈzɪst/, pinpoint /ˈpɪnpɔɪnt/
Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, objectively /əbˈd͡ʒɛktɪvli/, perpetually /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃuəli/
Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: procrastination /pɹəʊˌkɹæs.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, distraction /dɪsˈtɹæk.ʃən/, procrastinate /pɹoʊˈkɹæs.tə.neɪt/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, antelope /ˈæn.tɪ.loʊp/

Cách luyện với video này

Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như procrastination, equation, mathematics.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Phương pháp shadowing: đọc hướng dẫn từng bước đầy đủ →

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Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

Ngữ pháp trong video

Phát âm cần chú ý

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