跟讀練習: CRISPR: Gene editing and beyond - 通過影片學習英語口語

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The CRISPR -Cas9 system is a tool for cutting DNA at a specifically targeted location.

The technique has already revolutionised gene editing, but scientists are always looking for new possibilities.

So what else can CRISPR do?

Since being discovered in a bacterial immune system, CRISPR -Cas9 has been adapted into a powerful tool for genomic research.

There are two components to the system, a DNA cutting protein called Cas9 and an RNA molecule known as the guide RNA.

Bound together they form a complex that can identify and cut specific sections of DNA.

First Cas9 has to locate and bind to a common sequence in the genome called a PAM.

Once the PAM is bound, the guide RNA unwinds part of the double helix.

The RNA strand is designed to match and bind a particular sequence in the DNA.

Once it's found the correct sequence, Cas9 can cut the DNA.

Its two nuclease domains each make a nick, leading to a double strand break.

Although the cell will try to repair this break, the fixing process is error -prone and often inadvertently introduces mutations that disable the gene.

This makes CRISPR a great tool for knocking out specific genes.

But making double strand breaks isn't all CRISPR can do.

Some researchers are deactivating one or both of Cas9's cutting domains and fusing new enzymes onto the protein.

Cas9 can then be used to transport those enzymes to a specific DNA sequence.

In one example, Cas9 is fused to an enzyme, a deaminase, which mutates specific DNA bases,

eventually replacing cytidine with thymidine.

This kind of precise gene editing means you could turn a disease -causing mutation into a healthy version of the gene, or introduce a stop codon at a specific place.

But it's not all about gene editing.

Several labs have been working on ways to use CRISPR to promote gene transcription.

They do this by deactivating Cas9 completely so it can no longer cut DNA.

Instead, transcriptional activators are added to the Cas9 by either fusing them directly or via a string of peptides.

alternatively the activators can be recruited to the guide RNA instead

these activators recruit the cells transcription machinery bringing RNA polymerase and other factors to the target and

increasing transcription of

that gene the same principle applies to genes silencing a crab

domain fused to the Cas9 inactivates transcription by recruiting more factors that physically block the gene.

A more outside the box idea for using CRISPR is to attach fluorescent proteins to the complex

so you can see where particular DNA sequences are found in the cell.

This could be useful for things like visualising the 3D architecture of the genome, or to paint an entire chromosome and follow its position in the nucleus.

CRISPR has already changed the face of research, but these new ideas show that what's been achieved

so far could just be the tip of the iceberg when it comes to CRISPR's potential.

Whatever comes next, it seems the CRISPR revolution is far from over.

Thank you.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“CRISPR: Gene editing and beyond”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：Cas, gene, Crispr, Dna, Rna。這段影片共有 35 個句子、509 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 4:20。說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 118 個詞，很適合跟讀。只有 69% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
gene 名詞	/d͡ʒiːn/	基因
sequence 名詞	/ˈsiː.kwəns/	序列, 順序 /順序
fuse 名詞	/fjuːz/	導火線 /導火線, 導火索 /導火索
domain 名詞	/ˌdəʊˈmeɪ̯n/	領域 /領域
edit 動詞	/ˈɛdɪt/	編輯 /編輯
recruit 動詞	/ɹɪˈkɹut/	招聘, 徵兵 /徵兵
enzyme 名詞	/ˈɛn.zaɪm/	酶, 酵素
strand 名詞	/ˈstɹænd/	綹 /綹, 一綹頭髮 /一綹頭髮
introduce 動詞	/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/	介紹 /介紹, 紹介 /紹介
genome 名詞	/ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/	基因組 /基因組, 基因體 /基因體
mutation 名詞	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	突變 /突變, 變種 /變種
technique 名詞	/tɛkˈniːk/	技術 /技術, 技巧
silence 名詞	/ˈsaɪ̯ləns/	沉默
architecture 名詞	/ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/	建築 /建築, 建築學 /建築學
repair 動詞	/ˈɹiːpɛɚ/	修理

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
knock out 動詞	昏迷

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	being discovered · is bound · is designed
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	has already revolutionised · has been adapted · has already changed

需要注意的發音

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/
長單詞——注意重音位置: architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, alternatively /ɔlˈtɝ.nə.tɪv.li/, deactivate /ˌdiːˈæktɪveɪt/, deaminase /diːˈæmɪneɪz/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, alternatively /ɔlˈtɝ.nə.tɪv.li/, deactivate /ˌdiːˈæktɪveɪt/, inactivate /ɪˈnæktɪveɪt/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: sequence /ˈsiː.kwəns/, bind /ˈbaɪ̯nd/, fuse /fjuːz/, edit /ˈɛdɪt/, recruit /ɹɪˈkɹut/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, bacterial [bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ], fluorescent /flɔˈɹɛsənt/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 gene, sequence, fuse 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: CRISPR: Gene editing and beyond - 通過影片學習英語口語

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