Shadowing Practice: CRISPR: Gene editing and beyond - Learn English Speaking with Video
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35 משפטים
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1
The CRISPR -Cas9 system is a tool for cutting DNA at a specifically targeted location.
2
The technique has already revolutionised gene editing, but scientists are always looking for new possibilities.
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So what else can CRISPR do?
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Since being discovered in a bacterial immune system, CRISPR -Cas9 has been adapted into a powerful tool for genomic research.
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There are two components to the system, a DNA cutting protein called Cas9 and an RNA molecule known as the guide RNA.
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Bound together they form a complex that can identify and cut specific sections of DNA.
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First Cas9 has to locate and bind to a common sequence in the genome called a PAM.
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Once the PAM is bound, the guide RNA unwinds part of the double helix.
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The RNA strand is designed to match and bind a particular sequence in the DNA.
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Once it's found the correct sequence, Cas9 can cut the DNA.
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Its two nuclease domains each make a nick, leading to a double strand break.
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Although the cell will try to repair this break, the fixing process is error -prone and often inadvertently introduces mutations that disable the gene.
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This makes CRISPR a great tool for knocking out specific genes.
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But making double strand breaks isn't all CRISPR can do.
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Some researchers are deactivating one or both of Cas9's cutting domains and fusing new enzymes onto the protein.
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Cas9 can then be used to transport those enzymes to a specific DNA sequence.
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In one example, Cas9 is fused to an enzyme, a deaminase, which mutates specific DNA bases,
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eventually replacing cytidine with thymidine.
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This kind of precise gene editing means you could turn a disease -causing mutation into a healthy version of the gene, or introduce a stop codon at a specific place.
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But it's not all about gene editing.
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Several labs have been working on ways to use CRISPR to promote gene transcription.
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They do this by deactivating Cas9 completely so it can no longer cut DNA.
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Instead, transcriptional activators are added to the Cas9 by either fusing them directly or via a string of peptides.
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alternatively the activators can be recruited to the guide RNA instead
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these activators recruit the cells transcription machinery bringing RNA polymerase and other factors to the target and
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increasing transcription of
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that gene the same principle applies to genes silencing a crab
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domain fused to the Cas9 inactivates transcription by recruiting more factors that physically block the gene.
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A more outside the box idea for using CRISPR is to attach fluorescent proteins to the complex
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so you can see where particular DNA sequences are found in the cell.
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This could be useful for things like visualising the 3D architecture of the genome, or to paint an entire chromosome and follow its position in the nucleus.
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CRISPR has already changed the face of research, but these new ideas show that what's been achieved
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so far could just be the tip of the iceberg when it comes to CRISPR's potential.
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Whatever comes next, it seems the CRISPR revolution is far from over.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This speaking lesson is built on the video “CRISPR: Gene editing and beyond”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: Cas, gene, Crispr, Dna, Rna. This video has 35 sentences and 509 words to shadow. The speech runs for 4:20. The speaker talks at a steady 118 words per minute, a comfortable pace for shadowing. Only 69% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.
Key vocabulary in this video
15 words from the video worth learning, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| gene noun | /d͡ʒiːn/ | A theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms which may take several values and (in principle) predetermines a precise trait of an organism's form… |
| sequence noun | /ˈsiː.kwəns/ | A set of things next to each other in a set order; a series. |
| bind verb | /ˈbaɪ̯nd/ | To tie; to confine by any ligature. |
| fuse noun | /fjuːz/ | A wick or cord used to convey flame to gunpowder, a bomb, or similar explosive. |
| transcription noun | /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/ | The act or process of transcribing. |
| domain noun | /ˌdəʊˈmeɪ̯n/ | A geographic area owned or controlled by a single person or organization. |
| edit verb | /ˈɛdɪt/ | To change a text, or a document. |
| recruit verb | /ɹɪˈkɹut/ | To enroll or enlist new members or potential employees on behalf of an employer, organization, sports team, the military, etc. |
| enzyme noun | /ˈɛn.zaɪm/ | A biomolecule that catalyses a biological chemical reaction: either a globular protein with this function or an RNA molecule with this function. |
| strand noun | /ˈstɹænd/ | Each of the strings which, twisted together, make up a yarn, rope or cord. |
| introduce verb | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | To cause (someone) to be acquainted (with someone else). |
| genome noun | /ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/ | The complete genetic information (either DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) of an organism. |
| mutation noun | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | Any alteration or change. |
| technique noun | /tɛkˈniːk/ | The practical aspects of a given art, occupation etc.; formal requirements. |
| silence noun | /ˈsaɪ̯ləns/ | The absence of any sound. |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| knock out verb | To strike or bump (someone or something) out. |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | being discovered · is bound · is designed |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has already revolutionised · has been adapted · has already changed |
Pronunciation to watch
- The “sh” and “zh” sounds: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/
- Long words — get the stress right: architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, alternatively /ɔlˈtɝ.nə.tɪv.li/, deactivate /ˌdiːˈæktɪveɪt/, deaminase /diːˈæmɪneɪz/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Shadow it sentence by sentence at normal speed, repeating each one until your rhythm matches the speaker.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like gene, sequence, bind.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.