Shadowing Practice: CRISPR: Gene editing and beyond - Learn English Speaking with Video
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The CRISPR -Cas9 system is a tool for cutting DNA at a specifically targeted location.
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The technique has already revolutionised gene editing, but scientists are always looking for new possibilities.
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So what else can CRISPR do?
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Since being discovered in a bacterial immune system, CRISPR -Cas9 has been adapted into a powerful tool for genomic research.
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There are two components to the system, a DNA cutting protein called Cas9 and an RNA molecule known as the guide RNA.
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Bound together they form a complex that can identify and cut specific sections of DNA.
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First Cas9 has to locate and bind to a common sequence in the genome called a PAM.
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Once the PAM is bound, the guide RNA unwinds part of the double helix.
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The RNA strand is designed to match and bind a particular sequence in the DNA.
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Once it's found the correct sequence, Cas9 can cut the DNA.
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Its two nuclease domains each make a nick, leading to a double strand break.
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Although the cell will try to repair this break, the fixing process is error -prone and often inadvertently introduces mutations that disable the gene.
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This makes CRISPR a great tool for knocking out specific genes.
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But making double strand breaks isn't all CRISPR can do.
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Some researchers are deactivating one or both of Cas9's cutting domains and fusing new enzymes onto the protein.
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Cas9 can then be used to transport those enzymes to a specific DNA sequence.
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In one example, Cas9 is fused to an enzyme, a deaminase, which mutates specific DNA bases,
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eventually replacing cytidine with thymidine.
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This kind of precise gene editing means you could turn a disease -causing mutation into a healthy version of the gene, or introduce a stop codon at a specific place.
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But it's not all about gene editing.
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Several labs have been working on ways to use CRISPR to promote gene transcription.
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They do this by deactivating Cas9 completely so it can no longer cut DNA.
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Instead, transcriptional activators are added to the Cas9 by either fusing them directly or via a string of peptides.
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alternatively the activators can be recruited to the guide RNA instead
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these activators recruit the cells transcription machinery bringing RNA polymerase and other factors to the target and
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increasing transcription of
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that gene the same principle applies to genes silencing a crab
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domain fused to the Cas9 inactivates transcription by recruiting more factors that physically block the gene.
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A more outside the box idea for using CRISPR is to attach fluorescent proteins to the complex
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so you can see where particular DNA sequences are found in the cell.
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This could be useful for things like visualising the 3D architecture of the genome, or to paint an entire chromosome and follow its position in the nucleus.
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CRISPR has already changed the face of research, but these new ideas show that what's been achieved
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so far could just be the tip of the iceberg when it comes to CRISPR's potential.
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Whatever comes next, it seems the CRISPR revolution is far from over.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “CRISPR: Gene editing and beyond”. Las palabras que más se repiten: Cas, gene, Crispr, Dna, Rna. Este vídeo tiene 35 frases y 509 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 4:20. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 118 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. Solo el 69 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| gene sustantivo | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gen, gene |
| sequence sustantivo | /ˈsiː.kwəns/ | secuencia |
| fuse sustantivo | /fjuːz/ | mecha |
| domain sustantivo | /ˌdəʊˈmeɪ̯n/ | dominio |
| edit verbo | /ˈɛdɪt/ | editar |
| recruit verbo | /ɹɪˈkɹut/ | reclutar |
| enzyme sustantivo | /ˈɛn.zaɪm/ | enzima |
| strand sustantivo | /ˈstɹænd/ | hebra, filástica |
| introduce verbo | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | presentar |
| genome sustantivo | /ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/ | genoma |
| mutation sustantivo | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutación |
| technique sustantivo | /tɛkˈniːk/ | técnica |
| silence sustantivo | /ˈsaɪ̯ləns/ | silencio |
| architecture sustantivo | /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/ | arquitectura |
| repair verbo | /ˈɹiːpɛɚ/ | reparar |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| knock out verbo | noquear |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | being discovered · is bound · is designed |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | has already revolutionised · has been adapted · has already changed |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, alternatively /ɔlˈtɝ.nə.tɪv.li/, deactivate /ˌdiːˈæktɪveɪt/, deaminase /diːˈæmɪneɪz/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: strand /ˈstɹænd/, string /stɹɪŋ/
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, alternatively /ɔlˈtɝ.nə.tɪv.li/, deactivate /ˌdiːˈæktɪveɪt/, inactivate /ɪˈnæktɪveɪt/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: fuse /fjuːz/, enzyme /ˈɛn.zaɪm/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/, deaminase /diːˈæmɪneɪz/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como gene, sequence, fuse.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.