Shadowing Practice: The Coronavirus Explained & What You Should Do - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
95 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
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In December 2019, the Chinese authorities notified the world that a virus was spreading through their communities.
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In the following months, it spread to other countries, with cases doubling within days.
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This virus is the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome related coronavirus 2
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that causes the disease called COVID-19 and that everyone simply calls coronavirus.
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What actually happens when it infects a human and what should we all do?
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A virus is really just a hull around genetic material and a few proteins, arguably not even a living thing.
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It can only make more of itself by entering a living cell.
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Corona may spread via surfaces, but it's still uncertain how long it can survive on them.
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Its main way of spreading seems to be droplet infection, when people cough, or if you touch someone who's ill and then your face, say rubbing your eyes or nose.
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The virus starts its journey here and then hitches a ride as a stowaway deeper into the body.
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Its destinations are the intestines, the spleen or the lungs, where it can have the most dramatic effect.
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Even just a few coronaviruses can cause quite a dramatic situation.
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The lungs are lined with billions of epithelial cells.
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These are the border cells of your body, lining your organs and mucosa, waiting to be infected.
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Corona connects to a specific receptor on its victims' membranes to inject its genetic material.
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The cell, ignorant of what's happening, executes the new instructions, which are pretty simple, copy and reassemble.
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It fills up with more
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and more copies of the original virus until it reaches a critical point and receives one final order, self-destruct.
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The cell sort of melts away, releasing new Corona particles, ready to attack more cells.
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The number of infected cells grows exponentially.
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After about 10 days, millions of body cells are infected and billions of viruses swarm the lungs.
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The virus has not caused too much damage yet, but corona is now going to release a real beast on you, your own immune system.
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The immune system, while there to protect you, can actually be pretty dangerous to yourself and needs tight regulation.
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And as immune cells pour into the lungs to fight the virus, corona infects some of them and creates confusion.
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Cells have neither ears nor eyes, they communicate mostly via tiny information proteins called cytokines.
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Nearly every important immune reaction is controlled by them.
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Corona causes infected immune cells to overreact and yell bloody murder.
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In a sense, it puts the immune system into a fighting frenzy and sends way more soldiers than it should, wasting its resources and causing damage.
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Two kinds of cells in particular wreak havoc.
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First, neutrophiles, which are great at killing stuff, including ourselves.
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As they arrive in their thousands, they start pumping out enzymes that destroy as many friends as enemies.
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The other important type of cells that go into a frenzy are killer T cells, which usually order infected cells to commit controlled suicide.
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Confused as they are, they start ordering healthy cells to kill themselves too.
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The more and more immune cells arrive, the more damage they do and the more healthy lung tissue they kill.
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This might get so bad that it can cause permanent irreversible damage that leads to lifelong disabilities.
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In most cases the immune system slowly regains control.
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It kills the infected cells, intercepts the viruses trying to infect new ones and cleans up the battlefield.
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Recovery begins.
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The majority of people infected by corona will get through it with relatively mild symptoms.
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But many cases become severe or even critical.
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We don't know the percentage because not all cases have been identified, but it's safe to say that there is a lot more than with the flu.
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In more severe cases, millions of epithelial cells have died and with them the lungs protective lining is gone.
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That means that the alveoli, tiny air sacs via which breathing occurs, can be infected by bacteria that aren't usually a big problem.
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Patients get pneumonia, respiration becomes hard or even fails, and patients need ventilators to survive.
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The immune system has fought at full capacity for weeks and made millions of antiviral weapons.
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And as thousands of bacteria rapidly multiply, it is overwhelmed.
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They enter the blood and overrun the body.
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If this happens, death is very likely.
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The coronavirus is often compared to the flu, but actually it's much more dangerous.
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While the exact death rate is hard to pin down during an ongoing pandemic, we know for sure that it's much more contagious and spreads faster than the flu.
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There are two futures for a pandemic like corona, fast and slow.
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Which future we will see depends on how we all react to it in the early days of the outbreak.
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A fast pandemic will be horrible and cost many lives.
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A slow pandemic will not be remembered by the history books.
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The worst case scenario for a fast pandemic begins with a very rapid rate of infection
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because there are no countermeasures in place to slow it down.
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Why is this so bad?
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In a fast pandemic, many people get sick at the same time.
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If the numbers get too large, healthcare systems become unable to handle it.
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There aren't enough resources like medical staff or equipment like ventilators left to help everybody.
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People will die untreated.
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And as more healthcare workers get sick themselves, the capacity of healthcare systems falls even further.
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If this becomes the case, then horrible decisions will have to be made about who gets to live and who doesn't.
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The number of deaths rises significantly in such a scenario.
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To avoid this, the world, that means all of us, needs to do what it can to turn this into a slow pandemic.
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A pandemic is slowed down by the right responses, especially in the early phase,
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so that everyone who gets sick can get treatment and there's no crunch point with overwhelmed hospitals.
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Since we don't have a vaccine for corona, we have to socially engineer our behavior to act like a social vaccine.
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This simply means two things.
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Not getting infected and not infecting others.
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Although it sounds trivial, the very best thing you can do is to wash your hands.
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Soap is actually a powerful tool.
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The coronavirus is encased in what is basically a layer of fat.
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Soap breaks that fat apart and leaves it unable to infect you.
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It also makes your hands slippery and with the mechanical motions of washing, viruses are ripped away.
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To do it properly, wash your hands as
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if you've just cut up some jalapenos and want to put in your contacts next.
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The next thing is social distancing, which is not a nice experience, but a nice thing to do.
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This means no hugging, no handshakes.
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If you can stay at home, stay at home to protect those who need to be out for society to function, from doctors to cashiers or police officers.
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You depend on all of them.
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They all depend on you to not get sick.
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On a larger level, there are quarantines, which can mean different things from travel restrictions or actual orders to stay at home.
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Quarantines are not great to experience and certainly not popular, but they buy us and especially the researchers working on medication and vaccination crucial time.
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So if you are put under quarantine, you should understand why and respect it.
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None of this is fun, but looking at the big picture, it is a really small price to pay.
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The question of how pandemics end depends on how they start.
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If they start fast with a steep slope, they end badly.
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If they start slow with a not-so-steep slope, they end okay-ish.
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And in this day and age, it really is in all of our hands.
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Literally and figuratively.
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A huge thanks to the experts who helped us on short notice with this video, especially Our World in Data,
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the online publication for research and data on the world's largest problems and how to make progress solving them.
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Check out their site.
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It also includes a constantly updated page on the Corona pandemic.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “The Coronavirus Explained & What You Should Do”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: cell, corona, pandemic, infected, immune. בסרטון הזה יש 95 משפטים ו-1370 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 8:23. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-163 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 79% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| coronavirus שם עצם | /kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/ | קוֹרוֹנָה, נְגִיף קוֹרוֹנָה |
| bacterium שם עצם | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | חַיְדַּק \ חידק |
| ventilator שם עצם | /ˈvɛntɪleɪtə/ | ונטילטור, מאוורר |
| steep שם תואר | /stiːp/ | תָּלוּל |
| vaccine שם עצם | /vækˈsin/ | חִסּוּן, חיסון |
| alveolus שם עצם | /ælˈvi.əl.əs/ | נֹאדִית |
| droplet שם עצם | /ˈdɹɑplət/ | טיפית |
| handshake שם עצם | /ˈhæn(d)ˌʃeɪk/ | לְחִיצַת יָד |
| intestine שם עצם | /ɪnˈtɛs.tɪn/ | מְעִי |
| spleen שם עצם | /spliːn/ | טחול |
| stowaway שם עצם | /ˈstəʊəˌweɪ/ | נוֹסֵעַ סָמוּי |
| intercept פועל | /ɪntɚˈsɛpt/ | יירט |
| cashier שם עצם | /kaˈʃɪə/ | קֻפַּאי, קֻפַּאִית |
| vaccination שם עצם | /ˌvæk.sɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ | חיסון \ חִסּוּן |
| slippery שם תואר | /ˈslɪpəɹi/ | חָלָק, חלקלק |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| check out פועל | בדק |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | are lined · be infected · are infected |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | instructions, which are · neutrophiles, which are · everyone who gets |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has not caused · have been identified · have died |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-6 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו aren't, don't, doesn't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: countermeasure /ˈkaʊ̯ntəmɛʒə/, exponentially /ɛkspə(ʊ)ˈnɛnʃəli/, handshake /ˈhæn(d)ˌʃeɪk/, respiration /ɹɛspɪˈɹeɪʃən/, cashier /kaˈʃɪə/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: coronavirus /kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/, ventilator /ˈvɛntɪleɪtə/, alveolus /ælˈvi.əl.əs/, antiviral /æntiˈvaɪɹəl/, countermeasure /ˈkaʊ̯ntəmɛʒə/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: quarantine /ˈkwɔɹ.ən.tin/, overwhelm /ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɛlm/, stowaway /ˈstəʊəˌweɪ/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: bacterium /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/, vaccine /vækˈsin/, alveolus /ælˈvi.əl.əs/, antiviral /æntiˈvaɪɹəl/, handshake /ˈhæn(d)ˌʃeɪk/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: corona /kəˈɹoʊ.nə/, coronavirus /kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/, quarantine /ˈkwɔɹ.ən.tin/, bacterium /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/, frenzy /ˈfɹɛnzi/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו coronavirus, bacterium, ventilator.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.