跟讀練習: Peter Fonagy: What is Mentalization? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Mentalisation is not a new concept,

but in fact it was particularly intensively used in the 19th century around 1880,

the effort that the mind made was called mentalizing.

And the word actually came into language in the 16th, 17th century has been around.

We started using it along with neuroscientists colleagues in the late 1980s to describe the effort

that an individual makes to understand other people in terms of their thoughts, their feelings, their wishes, their beliefs,

their desires, what goes on between their ears, their subjective world.

If you start understanding behavior in terms of the feelings or the thoughts that give rise to it,

it gives you a sense of meaning that behavior becomes meaningful.

And of course the same processes apply to one's own behavior.

Why did we start using it just then?

Well, neuroscience progressed and we realized that there were particular parts of the brain that actually were devoted just for this function,

just to understand behavior in terms of mental state

so it was kind of it was a thing it was something that perhaps we needed to consider.

We were the first group in London to apply that notion to how parents understood their children

that you can understand a child in terms of the thoughts, the feelings, the wishes, the beliefs,

the desires that the child has that might explain to you why the child behaves in that way.

That understanding will determine your attitude towards the child.

If you think that the child who,

I don't know, whose face is just covered in chocolate and looking at you and kind of tentatively child maybe of one,

their first birthday, and they're looking at you having just dipped that entire face in the chocolate cake that you have made.

And you look back.

How you interpret the child's actions,

whether there's something that they did for fun and and you laugh along with them, or you see the child doing that just

because they wanted to ruin the whole birthday celebration and not appreciate how much effort that you have made.

How you conceive of the child's behaviour will entirely determine your reaction, and the child is looking at you,

trying to understand the meaning of their actions in your reactions.

So in that little interchange, there are two people each trying to read each other's minds.

And it happens in a flash, in the blink of an eye, how your intuitive understanding of the child

and how the child's intuitive understanding of your reaction can make that interaction something that's joyful,

that's something that is a memory

that will stay with you for the rest of your life

and something that you remind remind the child of or it's something

that becomes a source of anxiety for the child

that they don't know that what they do may be met with disapproval

and their intention is not recognized it's always becomes spontaneity, will always be a source of threat.

Some parents struggle a little bit more with seeing the child as the child is,

the child's genuine thoughts, genuine feelings, genuine beliefs, genuine desires behind their action,

and they are more likely to put their ideas about what the child might be trying to do into the child,

onto the child, and that may sometimes be unhelpful.

I don't think that anybody does that on purpose.

Sometimes I know that as a parent, sometimes I get tired.

When I get tired or when I get anxious, I'm much more likely to jump to conclusions about my child and misunderstand.

And to be honest, probably I get the child right.

and this is somebody talking who prides themselves on his sensitivity about 50 % of the time.

But I think that actually is probably extremely healthy for the child because they get used to it.

If they got used to in their interaction with you, they got used to them being perfectly understood all the time,

that wouldn't prepare them for life.

I think there are very important elements to understanding the impact of modern culture,

modern society on child rearing from the point of view of mentalizing.

Because mentalizing as an approach highlights is the critical nature of the relationship between child and parent,

that the child is looking to find themselves,

their subjectivity in the mind of an adult who is there for them exclusively,

because of the nature of that relationship being an attachment relationship.

Replacing that adult with any kind of generic stimulus like a television

or something that's presented by the media is potentially catastrophic

because it will not have the opportunity within it to enable the child to recognize themselves.

And if we think that that's important, and I personally think it is the most important thing, then there is a very profound risk.

I think I've got two or three pieces of evidence that speak to that.

The first is from much later in development, that what we've now recognised is that in adolescence,

certainly after age 11 or 12,

children's primary socialising agents are other children.

They encounter very few adults.

And I think this has led to substantial problems like the increase of anxiety in girls and increase of self -harm,

a whole range of difficulties.

I think there is also evidence

that the more we have focused on early childhood as an area of concern

that children from the younger stage needed to be recognized as children,

as individuals, the more benefit that we can see in terms of 10 years later,

there's adolescents being less violent.

A very good example of that is in England where a government coming in,

putting a great deal of money into early childhood interventions, led 10 years later to a decline of violent crime.

I think thirdly, and perhaps to me most importantly,

the amount of time

that a parent spends with the child is less important than the quality of

that time and we know a hell of a lot about that.

And the quality of that time is not

so much to do with quality of happy time or good time or pleasant time,

it's to do with the parent being there to help the child solve the problems

that they on their own feel unable to solve.

So it's to me problem -solving time.

So it's young children being able to turn to an adult who is there for them with the problems

that they experience from within.

If that channel can be preserved then the quality of the relationship between the parent

and the child will fulfill its evolutionary function.

If that is missed, then that person,

that little person, will find it less safe to turn to others around them,

to help them with the problems that they will have throughout their life.

So, to me,

it is opening the child's mind up to solutions to their problems being found in the social network around them.

That is what we want to establish in the early years.

If we fail young children in that by overemphasis in the media,

by neglect, a whole range of other things.

I think we will make the child more rigid, more closed off, less flexible, less adaptable, less willing to learn.

And after all it is for learning that we have been put on this planet.

We are just teaching and learning machines.

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這段影片能幫你提升兩項關鍵口語技能：一是在對話中快速捕捉對方意圖的“即時理解能力”，這對雅思口語練習中的互動環節至關重要；二是通過模仿自然語流來增強表達的連貫性，讓你的英語口語練習更貼近真實交流場景。此外，你還能學會如何用“心理化”視角解讀對話，讓表達更有深度。

注意這些發音現象

影片中存在不少連讀和弱讀現象，比如“mentalization is”連讀為/ˌmentəlaɪˈzeɪʃnɪz/，“in terms of”中的“of”弱讀為/əv/。還有“neuroscientists colleagues”的連讀，以及“the effort that”中“that”的弱讀。這些發音細節是提高英語發音的關鍵，也是shadow speech練習時需要重點模仿的部分。

像母語者一樣表達

模仿母語者的節奏和重音是關鍵。影片中演講者在強調“thoughts, feelings, wishes, beliefs, desires”等名詞時，會適當加重語氣並放慢語速，而在描述日常場景（如孩子沾巧克力的例子）時，節奏則更輕快。練習時可採用shadowspeaks法，逐句跟讀並注意重音位置，比如“how your intuitive understanding of the child”中，“intuitive”和“understanding”是重音所在。這樣的練習能讓你的口語更自然，在雅思口語考試中更具競爭力。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	was called · were devoted · is just covered
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	has been · have made · we've now recognised

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Peter Fonagy: What is Mentalization? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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你能學到什麼

注意這些發音現象

像母語者一樣表達

影片中的語法

什麼是跟讀法？