跟讀練習: Story spine - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Hi, I'm Derek Thompson, and I'm a story artist here at Pixar.

I'll be your host for this third lesson on storytelling, which is focused on story structure.

And I'm joined by some colleagues.

My name is James Robertson and I'm a story artist at Pixar.

My name is Mary Coleman and I'm the head of creative development.

I'm Kevin O 'Brien and I'm a story artist.

My name is Robert Graham Jones and I'm an editor here at Pixar.

Remember in lesson one when Val told us that in simplest terms a story is a series of events.

It begins...

something happens... And it ends.

But between the beginning and end of a story many things will happen.

The ordering of these events, known as the structure, can have a dramatic impact on how an audience responds to a story.

Let's get a little bit more detail about structure from our Pixar friends.

I think about story structure as pouring the foundation for a building

and that if you don't have that solid concrete foundation

to support the pillars and the struts and all the weight -bearing elements of the building the whole thing can collapse.

So, I think that it's essential and I remember interviewing writer Mike Garn, we were talking about the importance of dialogue because I loved his dialogue in Little Miss Sunshine.

And he said, "Well, dialogue is just wallpaper." And I thought, "Really?

Your dialogue's amazing." And he said, "If you put the wallpaper up, "but the wall's in the wrong place, then it was a complete waste of your time.

You may gain something very valuable from just sitting down and just writing a story from the beginning,

but to me It's important to structure your story like when you give a speech.

you tell the audience, what you're going to tell them, Then you tell them And then you wrap it up and you you remind them of what they've just been told.

When you are just starting a story, it can seem daunting to figure out how everything will fit together, or how a story should flow.

So it's helpful to find simple ways to think this through.

One way to do this is by coming up with the most important moments in your story, which we call story beats.

This is the first of many bits of terminology we're going to introduce throughout this lesson.

It's helpful to know these words, but don't let them overwhelm you.

You can always refer to the glossary at the bottom of this lesson if you want a refresher.

Beats are the kinds of things you'd mention if you described what had happened yesterday in 30 seconds.

So when we are trying to define our story beats, let's say we're writing up a beat outline, or putting index cards on a wall with distinct beats,

we try to challenge ourselves not to get into detailed plot, but to identify the beats based on whether the protagonist is making a clear decision,

right or wrong, or there's a clear cause and effect so that, you know, A happens and therefore B happens, so that it drives the story.

Like, a character walks across the street, as a beat they stop to pick up a thing as a beat, and they almost get hit by a car, which is a beat.

In Toy Story 2, when Buzz Lightyear discovers that there is in fact another Buzz Lightyear,

when he looks at the whole array of toys, That is a story beat.

Buzz has realized there is another Buzz in the world.

And the reason that's important in the process is that if you get too caught up in the plot details, the how of it instead of the what's happening,

you can lose track of the thread, of the structure.

The beats are building that structure.

Another way to think about this is using something called a story spine, which was popularized by improv instructor Ken Adams.

he noticed that most stories can fit into the following simple pattern.

Let's try to fit one of our films into this story spine.

I was thinking about finding Nemo.

Once upon a time, there was a fish named Marlin, who loved his son Nemo more than anything.

And every day, Marlin tried to protect Nemo from the ocean, which he feared.

Until one day, Nemo was taken away by a scuba diver.

And because of this, Marlon had to leave the safety of his home reef in order to find his son.

And because of that, Marlin ran into sharks, jellyfish, and other dangers.

And because of that, Marlon was forced to take a leap of faith Until finally, Marlin learned to let go of his fear and trust

that Nemo had what it takes to free Dory from the fishing net.

Ever since that day, Marlin gave his son Nemo the space he needed to learn on his own.

And the moral of the story is, parents need to let go in order for their kids to grow up.

Notice how the story spine allows us to compress a complex film into a series of simple beats.

In the next exercise, you'll have a chance to try this out.

You can fit your three favorite films into the story spine, as well as generate spines for stories you may want to create.

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音標練習掌握每個音

詞彙學習建立你的詞庫

詞彙遊戲邊玩邊學

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這段影片共有 55 個句子、904 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 5:12。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 174 個詞，接近日常對話。 82% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
spine 名詞	/spaɪn/	骨幹 /骨幹, 脊骨
lesson 名詞	/ˈlɛs.ən/	課業 /課業, -課 /-課
dialogue 名詞	/ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/	對話 /對話, 會話 /會話
helpful 形容詞	/ˈhɛlp.fl̩/	有幫助 /有幫助
wallpaper 名詞	/ˈwɔːlˌpeɪpə/	桌布 /桌布, 牆紙 /牆紙
element 名詞	/ˈɛləmənt/	要素
moral 形容詞	/ˈmoɹəl/	道德的
refer 動詞	/ɹɪˈfɜː/	談到 /談到
concrete 形容詞	/ˌkɑnˈkɹit/	切實的 /切實的, 具體的 /具體的
thread 名詞	/ˈθɹɛd/	線 /線
dramatic 形容詞	/dɹəˈmætɪk/	戲劇的 /戲劇的
discover 動詞	/dɪˈskʌvə/	發現 /發現, 發覺 /發覺
introduce 動詞	/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/	介紹 /介紹, 紹介 /紹介
remind 動詞	/ɹəˈmaɪnd/	提醒
define 動詞	/dɪˈfaɪn/	界定

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
come up with 動詞	想出, 提出
figure out 動詞	弄清楚
grow up 動詞	長大 /長大
pick up 動詞	拾取, 撿 /撿
sit down 動詞	坐下, 坐

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	been told · was popularized · was taken
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	storytelling, which is · car, which is · spine, which was
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	they've just been told · has realized

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 17 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 I'm, don't, we're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, thud /ˈθʌd/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: jellyfish /ˈd͡ʒɛliˌfɪʃ/, refresher /ɹɪˈfɹɛʃɚ/
長單詞——注意重音位置: terminology /ˌtɝ.məˈnɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, protagonist /pɹəˈtæɡ.ə.nɪst/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 spine, lesson, dialogue 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Story spine - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

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