跟讀練習: Your brain doesn’t detect reality. It creates it. | Lisa Feldman Barrett - 通過影片學習英語口語
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63 句
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Sometimes people want to say, no, we definitely don't experience reality the way that it actually is.
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And some people want to say, yes, we do.
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Philosophers have been arguing about this for like as long as philosophy has existed.
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The question of does your experience match reality or are you really experiencing reality in its stark objective truth?
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And the answer is simply, not exactly.
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Reality for us is what we can sense with our sensory surfaces
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and what we can make sense of with the signals in our brain.
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The signals in our brain are as necessary for our experience of reality as the sensory signals that come from the world.
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So I'm going to use a metaphor to describe how the brain works.
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It goes something like this.
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Your brain, my brain, everybody's brain, is trapped in its own dark, silent box called your skull.
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and the brain has no knowledge of what is going on around it in the world or in the body, right?
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Because it's in this skull and it's receiving sensory signals from the sensory surfaces of your body.
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These signals are the outcomes of some changes in the world or in the body.
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But the brain doesn't know what the changes are.
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It's receiving the outcomes.
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And that is what philosophers and scientists call the reverse inference problem.
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You start with an outcome and you have to guess at the cause.
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For example, if you hear a loud bang, It could be a car backfiring, a door slamming.
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It could be a gunshot.
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Your brain doesn't know what the causes are.
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It only knows the effect.
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And so it has to guess.
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And the guess is important, right, because you would do different things if it's a gunshot versus if it's a windy day that slammed a door.
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And luckily, it has one other source of information, and that is your past experience.
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The really cool thing about this, if that wasn't cool enough, is that it's actually doing it predictively.
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Sometimes scientists talk about this as the brain running a model of the world.
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But the brain is not running a model of the world.
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The brain is running a model of its body.
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And it's doing it in this really interesting way.
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In psychology, a group of instances which are similar is called a category.
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In essence, what your brain is doing, when it's making a prediction, it's creating a category of instances from the past
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which are similar in some way to the present in order to predict what's going to happen next, what the brain has to do next and what your experience will be next.
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And so when a human brain is creating a category,
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you have to ask, what features of similarity is it using?
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Is it these sensory and motor features?
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An apple is round, an apple is hard and crunchy, or is it these abstract features,
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abstract multimodal summaries of patterns of features.
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I could take a bunch of apples and I could say, well, these are good for baking and these are not good for baking.
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And these patterns, this summary, only exists in your brain.
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Because our brains are structured to construct categories
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based on the function of things rather than what they look like or taste like or smell like,
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humans can create something called social reality
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which is where we collectively impose a function on objects that the objects don't have by virtue of their physical nature.
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So a really good example of this is money, little pieces of paper.
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We all agree that these little pieces of paper have a function of value.
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And it turns out that many things that we think of as being part of reality are actually like this.
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We can draw lines in the sand and create the borders of countries, which creates categories of people called immigrants and citizens.
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We can create governments, because we all agree that certain actions, like making little tick marks,
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has a meaning to elect someone into a position that has certain powers.
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It's a form of social reality.
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In our lab, we work on the hypothesis that many psychological categories are forms of social reality.
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We impose a meaning on a scowling face that it did not evolve to have.
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But because we all agree that it has that meaning or that function in a particular culture, then it does.
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To say that your brain resides in a dark, silent box doesn't mean that you are trapped in that box.
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Your brain has this wonderful capacity to take bits
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and pieces of past experience and create something completely new that you've never experienced before.
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We call it imagination.
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That's a double-edged sword, right?
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Because our brains are so good at imagining and creating predictions that are not yoked to our immediate surroundings,
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sometimes we have a lot of trouble staying in the present.
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You have to practice your ability to control how much you want to be constrained
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by what's going on outside that box and how much you want to be free of it.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“Your brain doesn’t detect reality. It creates it”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：brain, reality, experience, sensory, signals。 這段影片共有 63 個句子、859 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 6:17。 說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 137 個詞，很適合跟讀。 85% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| sensory 形容詞 | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | 感覺的 /感覺的 |
| gunshot 名詞 | /ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/ | 射擊 /射擊, 槍擊 /槍擊 |
| philosopher 名詞 | /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ | 哲學家 /哲學家 |
| bake 動詞 | /beɪk/ | 烤, 烘 |
| prediction 名詞 | /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/ | 預言 /預言, 預估 /預估 |
| slam 動詞 | /ˈslæm/ | 甩, 甩上 |
| crunchy 形容詞 | /ˈkɹʌnt͡ʃi/ | 脆 |
| windy 形容詞 | /ˈwɪn.di/ | 大風 /大風 |
| similarity 名詞 | /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/ | 相似, 類似 /類似 |
| reside 動詞 | /ɹɪˈzaɪd/ | 居住, 住 |
| metaphor 名詞 | /ˈmɛt.ə.fɚ/ | 比喻, 隱喻 /隱喻 |
| surroundings 名詞 | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | 周圍 /周圍 |
| tick 名詞 | /tɪk/ | 蜱 |
| collectively 副詞 | 總地來說 | |
| hypothesis 名詞 | /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/ | 假說 /假說, 假設 /假設 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| turn out 動詞 | 原來 /原來 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is trapped · is called · are structured |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | has existed · you've never experienced |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 8 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 doesn't, don't, I'm。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: gunshot /ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, virtue /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: gunshot /ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/, bake /beɪk/, inference /ˈɪn.fə.ɹəns/, reside /ɹɪˈzaɪd/, surroundings /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/
- /æ/ — 嘴張大，不要讀成 /e/: slam /ˈslæm/, backfire /bækˈfaɪə(ɹ)/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 sensory, gunshot, philosopher 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。