Практика Shadowing: Your brain doesn’t detect reality. It creates it. | Lisa Feldman Barrett - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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63 предложений
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Sometimes people want to say, no, we definitely don't experience reality the way that it actually is.
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And some people want to say, yes, we do.
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Philosophers have been arguing about this for like as long as philosophy has existed.
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The question of does your experience match reality or are you really experiencing reality in its stark objective truth?
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And the answer is simply, not exactly.
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Reality for us is what we can sense with our sensory surfaces
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and what we can make sense of with the signals in our brain.
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The signals in our brain are as necessary for our experience of reality as the sensory signals that come from the world.
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So I'm going to use a metaphor to describe how the brain works.
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It goes something like this.
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Your brain, my brain, everybody's brain, is trapped in its own dark, silent box called your skull.
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and the brain has no knowledge of what is going on around it in the world or in the body, right?
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Because it's in this skull and it's receiving sensory signals from the sensory surfaces of your body.
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These signals are the outcomes of some changes in the world or in the body.
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But the brain doesn't know what the changes are.
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It's receiving the outcomes.
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And that is what philosophers and scientists call the reverse inference problem.
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You start with an outcome and you have to guess at the cause.
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For example, if you hear a loud bang, It could be a car backfiring, a door slamming.
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It could be a gunshot.
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Your brain doesn't know what the causes are.
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It only knows the effect.
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And so it has to guess.
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And the guess is important, right, because you would do different things if it's a gunshot versus if it's a windy day that slammed a door.
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And luckily, it has one other source of information, and that is your past experience.
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The really cool thing about this, if that wasn't cool enough, is that it's actually doing it predictively.
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Sometimes scientists talk about this as the brain running a model of the world.
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But the brain is not running a model of the world.
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The brain is running a model of its body.
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And it's doing it in this really interesting way.
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In psychology, a group of instances which are similar is called a category.
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In essence, what your brain is doing, when it's making a prediction, it's creating a category of instances from the past
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which are similar in some way to the present in order to predict what's going to happen next, what the brain has to do next and what your experience will be next.
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And so when a human brain is creating a category,
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you have to ask, what features of similarity is it using?
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Is it these sensory and motor features?
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An apple is round, an apple is hard and crunchy, or is it these abstract features,
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abstract multimodal summaries of patterns of features.
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I could take a bunch of apples and I could say, well, these are good for baking and these are not good for baking.
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And these patterns, this summary, only exists in your brain.
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Because our brains are structured to construct categories
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based on the function of things rather than what they look like or taste like or smell like,
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humans can create something called social reality
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which is where we collectively impose a function on objects that the objects don't have by virtue of their physical nature.
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So a really good example of this is money, little pieces of paper.
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We all agree that these little pieces of paper have a function of value.
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And it turns out that many things that we think of as being part of reality are actually like this.
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We can draw lines in the sand and create the borders of countries, which creates categories of people called immigrants and citizens.
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We can create governments, because we all agree that certain actions, like making little tick marks,
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has a meaning to elect someone into a position that has certain powers.
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It's a form of social reality.
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In our lab, we work on the hypothesis that many psychological categories are forms of social reality.
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We impose a meaning on a scowling face that it did not evolve to have.
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But because we all agree that it has that meaning or that function in a particular culture, then it does.
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To say that your brain resides in a dark, silent box doesn't mean that you are trapped in that box.
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Your brain has this wonderful capacity to take bits
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and pieces of past experience and create something completely new that you've never experienced before.
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We call it imagination.
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That's a double-edged sword, right?
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Because our brains are so good at imagining and creating predictions that are not yoked to our immediate surroundings,
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sometimes we have a lot of trouble staying in the present.
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You have to practice your ability to control how much you want to be constrained
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by what's going on outside that box and how much you want to be free of it.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «Your brain doesn’t detect reality. It creates it». Чаще всего повторяются слова: brain, reality, experience, sensory, signals. В этом видео 63 предложений и 859 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:17. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 137 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. 85% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| gunshot существительное | /ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/ | вы́стрел |
| philosopher существительное | /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ | фило́соф |
| bake глагол | /beɪk/ | печь, испе́чь |
| prediction существительное | /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/ | предсказа́ние, прогно́з |
| slam глагол | /ˈslæm/ | хло́пать, хло́пнуть |
| backfire глагол | /bækˈfaɪə(ɹ)/ | приводи́ть к обра́тным результа́там, привести́ к обра́тным результа́там |
| constrain глагол | /kənˈstɹeɪn/ | принужда́ть |
| crunchy прилагательное | /ˈkɹʌnt͡ʃi/ | хрустя́щий |
| inference существительное | /ˈɪn.fə.ɹəns/ | рассужде́ние, умозаключе́ние |
| multimodal прилагательное | мультимода́льный | |
| windy прилагательное | /ˈwɪn.di/ | ве́треный |
| similarity существительное | /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/ | схо́дство, подо́бие |
| reside глагол | /ɹɪˈzaɪd/ | прожива́ть, жить |
| metaphor существительное | /ˈmɛt.ə.fɚ/ | мета́фора |
| surroundings существительное | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | окре́стности, окру́га |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| turn out глагол | ока́зываться, оказа́ться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is trapped · is called · are structured |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has existed · you've never experienced |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 8 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например doesn't, don't, I'm. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: gunshot /ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: reside /ɹɪˈzaɪd/, surroundings /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как gunshot, philosopher, bake.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.