跟读练习: Your brain doesn’t detect reality. It creates it. | Lisa Feldman Barrett - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Sometimes people want to say, no, we definitely don't experience reality the way that it actually is.
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And some people want to say, yes, we do.
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Philosophers have been arguing about this for like as long as philosophy has existed.
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The question of does your experience match reality or are you really experiencing reality in its stark objective truth?
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And the answer is simply, not exactly.
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Reality for us is what we can sense with our sensory surfaces
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and what we can make sense of with the signals in our brain.
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The signals in our brain are as necessary for our experience of reality as the sensory signals that come from the world.
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So I'm going to use a metaphor to describe how the brain works.
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It goes something like this.
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Your brain, my brain, everybody's brain, is trapped in its own dark, silent box called your skull.
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and the brain has no knowledge of what is going on around it in the world or in the body, right?
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Because it's in this skull and it's receiving sensory signals from the sensory surfaces of your body.
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These signals are the outcomes of some changes in the world or in the body.
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But the brain doesn't know what the changes are.
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It's receiving the outcomes.
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And that is what philosophers and scientists call the reverse inference problem.
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You start with an outcome and you have to guess at the cause.
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For example, if you hear a loud bang, It could be a car backfiring, a door slamming.
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It could be a gunshot.
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Your brain doesn't know what the causes are.
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It only knows the effect.
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And so it has to guess.
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And the guess is important, right, because you would do different things if it's a gunshot versus if it's a windy day that slammed a door.
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And luckily, it has one other source of information, and that is your past experience.
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The really cool thing about this, if that wasn't cool enough, is that it's actually doing it predictively.
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Sometimes scientists talk about this as the brain running a model of the world.
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But the brain is not running a model of the world.
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The brain is running a model of its body.
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And it's doing it in this really interesting way.
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In psychology, a group of instances which are similar is called a category.
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In essence, what your brain is doing, when it's making a prediction, it's creating a category of instances from the past
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which are similar in some way to the present in order to predict what's going to happen next, what the brain has to do next and what your experience will be next.
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And so when a human brain is creating a category,
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you have to ask, what features of similarity is it using?
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Is it these sensory and motor features?
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An apple is round, an apple is hard and crunchy, or is it these abstract features,
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abstract multimodal summaries of patterns of features.
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I could take a bunch of apples and I could say, well, these are good for baking and these are not good for baking.
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And these patterns, this summary, only exists in your brain.
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Because our brains are structured to construct categories
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based on the function of things rather than what they look like or taste like or smell like,
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humans can create something called social reality
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which is where we collectively impose a function on objects that the objects don't have by virtue of their physical nature.
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So a really good example of this is money, little pieces of paper.
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We all agree that these little pieces of paper have a function of value.
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And it turns out that many things that we think of as being part of reality are actually like this.
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We can draw lines in the sand and create the borders of countries, which creates categories of people called immigrants and citizens.
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We can create governments, because we all agree that certain actions, like making little tick marks,
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has a meaning to elect someone into a position that has certain powers.
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It's a form of social reality.
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In our lab, we work on the hypothesis that many psychological categories are forms of social reality.
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We impose a meaning on a scowling face that it did not evolve to have.
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But because we all agree that it has that meaning or that function in a particular culture, then it does.
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To say that your brain resides in a dark, silent box doesn't mean that you are trapped in that box.
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Your brain has this wonderful capacity to take bits
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and pieces of past experience and create something completely new that you've never experienced before.
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We call it imagination.
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That's a double-edged sword, right?
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Because our brains are so good at imagining and creating predictions that are not yoked to our immediate surroundings,
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sometimes we have a lot of trouble staying in the present.
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You have to practice your ability to control how much you want to be constrained
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by what's going on outside that box and how much you want to be free of it.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“Your brain doesn’t detect reality. It creates it”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：brain, reality, experience, sensory, signals。 这段视频共有 63 个句子、859 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 6:17。 说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 137 个词，很适合跟读。 85% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| sensory 形容词 | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | 感覺的 /感觉的 |
| gunshot 名词 | /ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/ | 射擊 /射击, 槍擊 /枪击 |
| philosopher 名词 | /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ | 哲學家 /哲学家 |
| bake 动词 | /beɪk/ | 烤, 烘 |
| prediction 名词 | /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/ | 預言 /预言, 預估 /预估 |
| slam 动词 | /ˈslæm/ | 甩, 甩上 |
| crunchy 形容词 | /ˈkɹʌnt͡ʃi/ | 脆 |
| windy 形容词 | /ˈwɪn.di/ | 大風 /大风 |
| similarity 名词 | /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/ | 相似, 類似 /类似 |
| reside 动词 | /ɹɪˈzaɪd/ | 居住, 住 |
| metaphor 名词 | /ˈmɛt.ə.fɚ/ | 比喻, 隱喻 /隐喻 |
| surroundings 名词 | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | 周圍 /周围 |
| tick 名词 | /tɪk/ | 蜱 |
| collectively 副词 | 总地来说 | |
| hypothesis 名词 | /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/ | 假說 /假说, 假設 /假设 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| turn out 动词 | 原來 /原来 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is trapped · is called · are structured |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | has existed · you've never experienced |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 8 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 doesn't, don't, I'm。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: gunshot /ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, virtue /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: gunshot /ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/, bake /beɪk/, inference /ˈɪn.fə.ɹəns/, reside /ɹɪˈzaɪd/, surroundings /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/
- /æ/ — 嘴张大，不要读成 /e/: slam /ˈslæm/, backfire /bækˈfaɪə(ɹ)/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 sensory, gunshot, philosopher 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。