跟读练习: How to fix clean energy’s storage problem - 通过视频学习英语口语

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This is the typical demand for electricity on a spring day in California.

It starts growing around 6 a .m., then rises again around 6 p .m.

Now, this line shows when wind power feeds the California power grid.

Wind is variable, but often picks up at night.

Solar panels, on the other hand, kick into gear around 7 a .m., generate a lot of electricity until the sun sets around 7 p .m.

On most days, neither comes close to meeting the peak demands of the day.

So, the power company relies on fossil fuels, like natural gas, to make up for the gap, which widens significantly when people use electricity the most.

Since the power company can't store the solar and wind energy, it has to use fossil fuels at these times,

which can be stored in barrels and tanks.

It's kind of the big gap in our renewable energy system right now.

If we don't figure out a way to store renewable energy, there's a chance that we're going to be still dependent on fossil fuels.

So, how do we store some of this solar and wind energy for later?

Right now you might be thinking, just use a battery.

And you're not wrong.

Batteries have improved immensely over the past few years, particularly lithium -ion batteries, which use a chemical reaction to store energy.

Individual homes that have solar panels often use lithium -ion batteries to store energy.

But there's a few reasons lithium -ion isn't perfect for the grid.

This is Neil Dinesha, a founding writer at Heatmap, a climate news site, and he wrote about this for Vox in 2022.

One is just the scale that's needed.

We would need a lot at a level that we just don't really have right now.

That's a challenge because lithium is only found in a few places on earth.

But more importantly, like we need lithium -ion batteries for other things.

Lithium -ion battery is really good for stuff that moves because it's relatively light.

Meaning it's better suited for things like electric cars and portable electronics, not power grids that stay still.

Luckily, there's another energy storage solution that's actually been around for a long time.

This is the site for the first pump storage hydroelectric station in Southern Ireland.

This is a type of energy storage called pump storage hydro.

They were first built in Europe.

The U .S built one in 1929.

And many more were built in the 1970s and 80s as a way to store nuclear power.

Today, these facilities are all over the world.

There are 39 of them in the U .S.

And they store energy in a really fascinating yet simple way.

When energy demand is low,

renewable or fossil fuel energy is used to pump water from a reservoir or river up a mountain into a higher reservoir.

Basically converting this energy into what's called potential energy.

So potential energy, you might kind of remember from high school physics.

When a thing is up at a height, it has stored potential energy.

When it's let go, it turns into kinetic energy.

When that energy is needed, the water is released down the mountain,

where it's converted into kinetic energy that spins a turbine and generates electricity for the grid.

It's a way of combining water, a mountain, and gravity into a battery, and it can be about 90 % efficient,

meaning only 10 % of this energy is lost in the process.

Pump storage hydro works really well, but it's difficult to build more.

Well, for starters, you need a mountain, and you need to haul out a mountain to put pumps inside it,

and it takes a lot of money, and we don't have mountains everywhere.

So the ideal way to store renewable energy would be something that's cheaper and smaller than a pump storage hydro plant,

but works in roughly the same way.

One company, Energy Vault, is also using gravity to store renewable energy, but without the water or mountain.

Instead, renewable energy is used to lift heavy blocks of concrete up into the air, where it becomes potential energy.

Then when it's needed, the blocks are released, spinning a turbine, which converts the potential energy back into electricity.

Energy Vault calls this gravity energy storage, and while it's still being tested, the company claims it could be more than 80 % efficient.

A company called QuidNet is working on a different version of the same principle.

Their geomechanical pump storage unit uses renewable energy to pump water underground into a pressurized hole, where it can be stored as potential energy,

then released back up to the surface to spin a turbine and generate electricity.

Both techniques are betting on potential energy as a solution for storing renewable energy for the grid.

I think this partly because potential energy has shown itself to be pretty efficient.

Also, realistically, fewer moving parts.

If all you're doing basically is using gravity to work with you, you have a pretty massive force of nature on your side right there.

But potential energy isn't the only possible solution.

Other companies are using renewable energy to superheat salt, insulating it, then releasing that heat to create steam or hot air to drive a turbine.

Basically storing renewables by converting them to thermal energy.

Then there's a company that's betting on rusted iron.

They're called iron air batteries and what they do is they utilize the chemical reaction

that creates rust to store and discharge energy.

This thing

that we all sort of think of as an inconvenience could be really useful is just kind of beautiful to me.

Right now these ideas are all in various stages of development, but they are attracting investors.

And the hope is that several will work because one might not fit every power grid.

The grid, renewable energy overall, is going to be a sort of patchwork solution.

And so the more we try these solutions,

the closer we get to figuring out exactly what the right mix is for what we need for the greater future.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“How to fix clean energy’s storage problem”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：energy, renewable, store, potential, pump。这段视频共有 72 个句子、1011 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 5:21。说话人语速较快，每分钟约 189 个词，会出现较多连读和弱读。只有 79% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
renewable 形容词	/ɹɪˈnu.ə.bl̩/	可再生
pump 名词	/pʌmp/	泵, 唧筒
grid 名词	/ɡɹɪd/	網格 /网格, 格子
lithium 名词	/ˈlɪθi.əm/	鋰 /锂
fossil 名词	/ˈfɑsl̩/	化石
turbine 名词	/ˈtɜː.baɪn/	渦輪機 /涡轮机, 輪機 /轮机
efficient 形容词	/ɪˈfɪʃənt/	高效率
spin 动词	/spɪn/	轉動 /转动, 自轉 /自转
hydro 名词	/ˈhaɪdro/	電費 /电费
reservoir 名词	/ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/	儲備 /储备
rust 名词	/ɹʌst/	鏽 /锈, 鐵鏽 /铁锈
technique 名词	/tɛkˈniːk/	技術 /技术, 技巧
concrete 形容词	/ˌkɑnˈkɹit/	切實的 /切实的, 具體的 /具体的
ideal 形容词	/aɪˈdi(ə)l/	理想的
physics 名词	/ˈfɪz.ɪks/	物理學 /物理学

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
figure out 动词	弄清楚

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	can be stored · is only found · were built
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have improved · that's actually been · has stored

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 10 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 don't, isn't, you're。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“th” 音: lithium /ˈlɪθi.əm/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, pressurize /ˈpɹɛʃəɹaɪz/
长单词——注意重音位置: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, electronics /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, inconvenience /ɪnkənˈvinjəns/, hydroelectric /ˌhʌɪdrəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: gravity /ˈɡɹævɪti/, convert /kənˈvɝt/, reservoir /ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/, variable [ˈvæɹ.i.ə.bl̩], investor /ɪnˈvɛs.tə(ɹ)/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: pump /pʌmp/, grid /ɡɹɪd/, convert /kənˈvɝt/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, generate /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: renewable /ɹɪˈnu.ə.bl̩/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, roughly /ˈɹʌf.li/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, partly /ˈpɑɹtli/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 renewable, pump, grid 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: How to fix clean energy’s storage problem - 通过视频学习英语口语

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