跟读练习: Michael Swan: What you can't say without grammar (Part 3/6) - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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What's interesting there is that we've actually made sentences without no grammar.
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What's interesting there is that we've actually made sentences without no grammar.
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That's to say, we've been able to combine words to express,
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to refer to events and situations.
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Baby falling down, for instance,
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is going to rain tomorrow.
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We're doing things that sentences do with no grammar.
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So, maybe that's all we need.
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Vocabulary combined with common sense and world knowledge.
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If not, why not?
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Are there any things that we would want to say,
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any things we'd want to express,
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any fundamental things we'd want to express that cannot be expressed just with vocabulary like we've been using?
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One is what goes with what.
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If you've got words like,
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if you've got two chiefs or if you've got...
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Suppose you've got bear, big and cave together.
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You've no way of showing which is big, have you?
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Either the bear or the cave.
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I mean, I chose my examples very carefully so that that kind of problem didn't come up.
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But of course it does come up in real language what goes with what
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and relationships of various kinds think of this
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if I said neck Sib Ross neck is kill Sib is sister Ross is bear
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if I said neck Sib Ross what would it mean You don't know who's dead.
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Or maybe it's an instruction.
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Yeah, yeah, okay.
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You don't know who's dead because there's no word order to say who does it,
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who gets it done to them.
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So that cause-effect relationship doesn't work.
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It might be an instruction that we've only been doing declarative sentences, nothing else.
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There are really three problems, I think.
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There's the what goes with what problem.
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Roles and relationships of different kinds can be cause and effect.
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It can also be spatial if you want to say that one thing is under another.
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If you put together the two different words and under,
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you'd have no way of knowing which was under which.
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Time, the same A before B,
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but without a rule for interpreting that.
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You've got no way of knowing what's before what.
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And modality, we just did sentences, simple declarative sentences.
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We hadn't got a way of showing that something is a question or negation or an instruction or a guess or whatever.
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So we have actually come up against some problems.
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We've discovered that there are some important things we can't express in our little language that's just got vocabulary.
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So we need to solve them, don't we?
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Could you please, while I shut up again,
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choose one or more of those problems and think of a way of solving it?
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I'm sure you've done that.
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What can we do then to solve these problems?
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Punctuate.
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Did you ever hear that wonderful sketch by Victor Borger called phonetic punctuation?
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Yeah, yeah.
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Yeah, well for commas you got quotation marks.
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The thing is we're 500,000 years ago and writing was invented about 6,000 years ago.
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So we're stuck for punctuation actually.
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But we could pause couldn't we?
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Yeah.
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How would that work?
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How would you solve this problem by any of these problems by pausing?
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Sorry?
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Bare big cave.
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Okay lovely.
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So you could effectively you could group things
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that go together by putting them together and then pausing them together and then pausing before anything else comes.
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Languages actually don't seem to do that much.
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So I think they use intonation instead of pausing to make it work.
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Yeah?
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What else can you do besides pausing?
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Yes?
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Sorry?
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Word order.
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Yeah.
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You can have word order rules that would make relationships of various kinds clear.
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So you can use word order.
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You can mess words about by putting endings on them or doing other things with them.
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Anything else you can do?
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Have a word for no. You could have a...
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Yeah, you can have words that then are not outside word vocabulary at all.
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They're grammatical words.
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They show what the other words are doing.
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本课概述
在本课中，学习者将会练习英语句子的结构与语法的重要性，理解词汇如何与语法结合以表达更复杂的意思。我们将探讨在没有语法的情况下，单凭词汇能否有效传递信息，并讨论如何通过不同的词组结构来展示事物之间的关系。这将帮助学习者在进行英语影子跟读和英语口语练习时，更加自信地使用语法表达。
重要词汇与短语
- 关系 (Relationship)
- 因果关系 (Cause and Effect)
- 空间 (Spatial)
- 时间 (Time)
- 否定 (Negation)
- 问句 (Question)
- 指令 (Instruction)
- 词序 (Word Order)
练习技巧
在进行英语影子跟读时，您可以按照以下几个步骤来提高您的口语能力。首先，选择视频的一小段进行跟读，确保您能够准确捕捉到说话者的语速和语调。在这个特定视频中，语速相对较慢，适合初学者。尝试多次重复这段内容，慢慢模仿说话者的发音和节奏，以提高您的英语口语练习能力。
另外，您可以根据视频中的内容，思考如何将不同的词汇组合起来表达更复杂的意思。比如，可以预测某个词的前后关系，尝试将其放在不同的句子结构中。通过这样的练习，将帮助您在看YouTube学英语的过程中，更好地理解语言的奥妙。
最后，利用视频中的停顿，仔细聆听每个词汇的发音，记录那些您觉得难以发音的词。使用shadow speech的方式，逐字逐句地练习，给自己设定一个目标，即在跟读时达到自然流畅的效果。通过这样的训练，您将能更有效地掌握英语的语法与表达。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。