शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Michael Swan: What you can't say without grammar (Part 3/6) - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

What's interesting there is that we've actually made sentences without no grammar.

That's to say, we've been able to combine words to express,

to refer to events and situations.

Baby falling down, for instance,

is going to rain tomorrow.

We're doing things that sentences do with no grammar.

So, maybe that's all we need.

Vocabulary combined with common sense and world knowledge.

If not, why not?

Are there any things that we would want to say,

any things we'd want to express,

any fundamental things we'd want to express that cannot be expressed just with vocabulary like we've been using?

One is what goes with what.

If you've got words like,

if you've got two chiefs or if you've got...

Suppose you've got bear, big and cave together.

You've no way of showing which is big, have you?

Either the bear or the cave.

I mean, I chose my examples very carefully so that that kind of problem didn't come up.

But of course it does come up in real language what goes with what

and relationships of various kinds think of this

if I said neck Sib Ross neck is kill Sib is sister Ross is bear

if I said neck Sib Ross what would it mean You don't know who's dead.

Or maybe it's an instruction.

Yeah, yeah, okay.

You don't know who's dead because there's no word order to say who does it,

who gets it done to them.

So that cause-effect relationship doesn't work.

It might be an instruction that we've only been doing declarative sentences, nothing else.

There are really three problems, I think.

There's the what goes with what problem.

Roles and relationships of different kinds can be cause and effect.

It can also be spatial if you want to say that one thing is under another.

If you put together the two different words and under,

you'd have no way of knowing which was under which.

Time, the same A before B,

but without a rule for interpreting that.

You've got no way of knowing what's before what.

And modality, we just did sentences, simple declarative sentences.

We hadn't got a way of showing that something is a question or negation or an instruction or a guess or whatever.

So we have actually come up against some problems.

We've discovered that there are some important things we can't express in our little language that's just got vocabulary.

So we need to solve them, don't we?

Could you please, while I shut up again,

choose one or more of those problems and think of a way of solving it?

I'm sure you've done that.

What can we do then to solve these problems?

Punctuate.

Did you ever hear that wonderful sketch by Victor Borger called phonetic punctuation?

Yeah, yeah.

Yeah, well for commas you got quotation marks.

The thing is we're 500,000 years ago and writing was invented about 6,000 years ago.

So we're stuck for punctuation actually.

But we could pause couldn't we?

Yeah.

How would that work?

How would you solve this problem by any of these problems by pausing?

Sorry?

Bare big cave.

Okay lovely.

So you could effectively you could group things

that go together by putting them together and then pausing them together and then pausing before anything else comes.

Languages actually don't seem to do that much.

So I think they use intonation instead of pausing to make it work.

Yeah?

What else can you do besides pausing?

Yes?

Sorry?

Word order.

Yeah.

You can have word order rules that would make relationships of various kinds clear.

So you can use word order.

You can mess words about by putting endings on them or doing other things with them.

Anything else you can do?

Have a word for no. You could have a...

Yeah, you can have words that then are not outside word vocabulary at all.

They're grammatical words.

They show what the other words are doing.

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Michael Swan: What you can't say without grammar (Part 3/6) - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?