第 86 课 · 第 7 阶段: 名词、冠词与限定词
All / most / some / none of
中级构成与用法
most people vs most of the people, all of us, none of them——一个群体中的多少
1.用 of 还是不用 of？
all, most, some, any, many, much, a few, half, no / none 这类词放在名词前，说明某物有多少。关键问题是：你说的是泛指的事物，还是某个特定的群体？
| 泛指——不用 of | 特定群体——of + the/my… | |
|---|---|---|
| all | All children like games. | All (of) the children in my class like games. |
| most | Most people have a phone. | Most of the people I know have a phone. |
| some | Some shops open on Sundays. | Some of the shops on this street open on Sundays. |
| no / none | There are no easy answers. | None of my answers were right. |
“特定群体”是指名词前面有 the, my, your, these, those, this, that, Lan's… 这类词。这时就要用 of：most of the people, some of my friends。没有这些词时，去掉 of：most people, some friends。
Most people in Vietnam ride motorbikes.
在越南，大多数人骑摩托车。（泛指 → 不用 of）
Most of the people at the party were students.
聚会上的人大多数是学生。（特定群体 → most of the）
Some of my classmates live in the city centre.
我有些同学住在市中心。
I spent most of the weekend in bed.
这个周末我大部分时间都躺在床上。
学习者常说 “most of people”。窍门：of 后面必须紧跟 the、my、these 或 them 这类词。如果没有，就去掉 of：most people。另外这里 most 前面不要加 the：“the most of the students” 是错的——the most 是最高级。
2.All 和 half：of 可有可无
只有 all 和 half 在 the / my / this… 前面可以省略 of：all my friends = all of my friends，half the cake = half of the cake。但它们前面不能加 the：不说 “the all students” 或 “the half of the cake”。
All (of) my friends live nearby.
我所有的朋友都住在附近。（用不用 of 都可以）
We ate half (of) the cake before dinner.
晚饭前我们吃掉了半个蛋糕。
All students must wear a uniform.
所有学生都必须穿校服。（泛指 → 不用 of）
3.代词前：必须用 of
在 it, us, you, them 前面，一定要用 of——即使是 all 和 half 也一样：all of us, half of it, none of them。
| + it（一样东西，不可数） | + us / you / them | |
|---|---|---|
| all of | all of it | all of us |
| most of | most of it | most of them |
| some of | some of it | some of you |
| none of | none of it | none of them |
The teacher gave all of us a sticker.
老师给我们每个人都发了一张贴纸。
Do any of you speak Japanese?
你们当中有谁会说日语吗？（对三个或更多人说）
I liked the film, but I didn't understand all of it.
我喜欢这部电影，但没有全看懂。
My cousins came, but none of them stayed for dinner.
我的表兄弟姐妹来了，但没有一个留下来吃晚饭。
All 还有一种用法：把 all 放在代词后面，或者放在 be 动词 / 助动词后面：We all went home. / They were all tired. / I invited them all.
4.单独使用，以及主谓一致
意思清楚时，most, some, half, none, a few… 可以单独使用，不接名词（或者接 of them / of it）。但 all 通常不单独作主语或宾语——要用 everyone / everything（见“All / every / each / whole”一课）。
A few shops were open, but most were closed.
有几家店开着，但大多数都关门了。
I wanted some cake, but there was none left.
我想吃点蛋糕，但一块也不剩了。
Some people love durian, and some hate it.
有些人很爱吃榴莲，有些人却很讨厌。
动词和 of 后面的名词保持一致：Most of the money is gone（money 不可数 → 单数），Most of the students are here（复数 → 复数）。none of + 复数时，单数和复数都对（见“No / none / any, nothing / nobody”一课）。
5.None of 还是 not all？
表示“零”，用 none of。表示“不是百分之百”，用 not all (of) 或 not every-。像 “All of my friends didn't come” 这样的句子意思不清楚（是一个人都没来，还是只有一部分人没来？），所以最好避免。
None of my friends came.
我的朋友一个也没来。（没有人来）
Not all (of) my friends came. Some were busy.
我的朋友并不是都来了，有些人有事。（有些人来了）
Not everyone likes spicy food.
不是每个人都喜欢吃辣。
6.常见错误
Most of people want a good job.Most people want a good job.
泛指 → 不用 of。
Some my classmates live in the city.Some of my classmates live in the city.
my/the 前面要用 of（只有 all 和 half 可以省略）。
The teacher called all us to the front.The teacher called all of us to the front.
代词前必须用 of。
The most of the students passed.Most of the students passed.
most 表示“大多数”时，前面不加 the。
All of students must wear a uniform.All students / All (of) the students must wear a uniform.
用了 of，后面就必须有 the/my…。
Most of the money are gone.Most of the money is gone.
money 不可数 → 动词用单数。
例句
- Most people like listening to music.
- I invited ten friends, but none of them came.
- All of my friends are married now.
- I made twenty spring rolls and all of them were eaten. There's nothing left.
