第 86 課 · 第 7 階段: 名詞、冠詞與限定詞
All / most / some / none of
中級構成與用法
most people vs most of the people, all of us, none of them——一個群體中的多少
1.用 of 還是不用 of？
all, most, some, any, many, much, a few, half, no / none 這類詞放在名詞前，說明某物有多少。關鍵問題是：你說的是泛指的事物，還是某個特定的群體？
| 泛指——不用 of | 特定群體——of + the/my… | |
|---|---|---|
| all | All children like games. | All (of) the children in my class like games. |
| most | Most people have a phone. | Most of the people I know have a phone. |
| some | Some shops open on Sundays. | Some of the shops on this street open on Sundays. |
| no / none | There are no easy answers. | None of my answers were right. |
“特定群體”是指名詞前面有 the, my, your, these, those, this, that, Lan's… 這類詞。這時就要用 of：most of the people, some of my friends。沒有這些詞時，去掉 of：most people, some friends。
Most people in Vietnam ride motorbikes.
在越南，大多數人騎摩托車。（泛指 → 不用 of）
Most of the people at the party were students.
聚會上的人大多數是學生。（特定群體 → most of the）
Some of my classmates live in the city centre.
我有些同學住在市中心。
I spent most of the weekend in bed.
這個週末我大部分時間都躺在床上。
學習者常說 “most of people”。竅門：of 後面必須緊跟 the、my、these 或 them 這類詞。如果沒有，就去掉 of：most people。另外這裡 most 前面不要加 the：“the most of the students” 是錯的——the most 是最高階。
2.All 和 half：of 可有可無
只有 all 和 half 在 the / my / this… 前面可以省略 of：all my friends = all of my friends，half the cake = half of the cake。但它們前面不能加 the：不說 “the all students” 或 “the half of the cake”。
All (of) my friends live nearby.
我所有的朋友都住在附近。（用不用 of 都可以）
We ate half (of) the cake before dinner.
晚飯前我們吃掉了半個蛋糕。
All students must wear a uniform.
所有學生都必須穿校服。（泛指 → 不用 of）
3.代詞前：必須用 of
在 it, us, you, them 前面，一定要用 of——即使是 all 和 half 也一樣：all of us, half of it, none of them。
| + it（一樣東西，不可數） | + us / you / them | |
|---|---|---|
| all of | all of it | all of us |
| most of | most of it | most of them |
| some of | some of it | some of you |
| none of | none of it | none of them |
The teacher gave all of us a sticker.
老師給我們每個人都發了一張貼紙。
Do any of you speak Japanese?
你們當中有誰會說日語嗎？（對三個或更多人說）
I liked the film, but I didn't understand all of it.
我喜歡這部電影，但沒有全看懂。
My cousins came, but none of them stayed for dinner.
我的表兄弟姐妹來了，但沒有一個留下來吃晚飯。
All 還有一種用法：把 all 放在代詞後面，或者放在 be 動詞 / 助動詞後面：We all went home. / They were all tired. / I invited them all.
4.單獨使用，以及主謂一致
意思清楚時，most, some, half, none, a few… 可以單獨使用，不接名詞（或者接 of them / of it）。但 all 通常不單獨作主語或賓語——要用 everyone / everything（見“All / every / each / whole”一課）。
A few shops were open, but most were closed.
有幾家店開著，但大多數都關門了。
I wanted some cake, but there was none left.
我想吃點蛋糕，但一塊也不剩了。
Some people love durian, and some hate it.
有些人很愛吃榴槤，有些人卻很討厭。
動詞和 of 後面的名詞保持一致：Most of the money is gone（money 不可數 → 單數），Most of the students are here（複數 → 複數）。none of + 複數時，單數和複數都對（見“No / none / any, nothing / nobody”一課）。
5.None of 還是 not all？
表示“零”，用 none of。表示“不是百分之百”，用 not all (of) 或 not every-。像 “All of my friends didn't come” 這樣的句子意思不清楚（是一個人都沒來，還是隻有一部分人沒來？），所以最好避免。
None of my friends came.
我的朋友一個也沒來。（沒有人來）
Not all (of) my friends came. Some were busy.
我的朋友並不是都來了，有些人有事。（有些人來了）
Not everyone likes spicy food.
不是每個人都喜歡吃辣。
6.常見錯誤
Most of people want a good job.Most people want a good job.
泛指 → 不用 of。
Some my classmates live in the city.Some of my classmates live in the city.
my/the 前面要用 of（只有 all 和 half 可以省略）。
The teacher called all us to the front.The teacher called all of us to the front.
代詞前必須用 of。
The most of the students passed.Most of the students passed.
most 表示“大多數”時，前面不加 the。
All of students must wear a uniform.All students / All (of) the students must wear a uniform.
用了 of，後面就必須有 the/my…。
Most of the money are gone.Most of the money is gone.
money 不可數 → 動詞用單數。
例句
- Most people like listening to music.
- I invited ten friends, but none of them came.
- All of my friends are married now.
- I made twenty spring rolls and all of them were eaten. There's nothing left.
