第 85 課 · 第 7 階段: 名詞、冠詞與限定詞
No / none / any, nothing / nobody
中級構成與用法
There's no milk, none of them, any colour you like, nobody came——表示零，以及“哪個都行”
1.No、none 和 not any
no 的意思是“沒有一個”或“沒有任何”。它直接放在名詞前——單數、複數或不可數名詞都可以——動詞保持肯定形式。後面不接名詞時用 none：單獨使用，或者用 none of + the/my/these… / it / them。
| 搭配 | 例子 | |
|---|---|---|
| no | 名詞（單數、複數或不可數） | There's no milk. I have no idea. |
| none | 單獨使用，後面沒有名詞 | How much milk is there? — None. |
| none of | the / my / these… + 名詞，或 it / us / them | None of my friends came. None of it is true. |
| not … any | 否定動詞 + any + 名詞 | There isn't any milk. |
There's no bus after eleven, so we took a taxi.
十一點以後就沒有公交車了，所以我們打了車。
Sorry, I have no idea where she is.
抱歉，我完全不知道她在哪兒。
How many tickets are left? — None. They sold out this morning.
還剩幾張票？——一張也沒有了。今天上午就賣光了。
I bought three melons, but none of them were sweet.
我買了三個瓜，可是沒有一個是甜的。
no + 名詞和 not … any + 名詞意思相同：There's no sugar = There isn't any sugar。口語中 not … any 更常用；no 聽起來更強烈、更肯定。none of + 複數名詞後面，動詞可以用複數，也可以用單數：None of my friends smoke / smokes（口語中用複數更自然，單數更正式）。
常見錯誤是說 “There is not bread”。記住：not 跟動詞搭配（isn't, don't, didn't），no 跟名詞搭配：There's no bread / There isn't any bread。還有，no 絕不能放在 of 前面——of 前面要用 none。
2.Nothing、nobody、nowhere
no- + -thing / -body / -one / -where 構成的詞本身就是否定的。它們可以作主語、賓語，也可以單獨作一個詞的回答。no one 通常分開寫成兩個詞（英式英語也寫作 no-one）。
| 意思 | no- 詞 | = not + any- |
|---|---|---|
| 沒有任何東西 | nothing | not … anything |
| 沒有任何人 | nobody / no one | not … anybody / anyone |
| 沒有任何地方 | nowhere | not … anywhere |
Nobody answered the phone.
沒人接電話。
What did you buy? — Nothing. It was all too expensive.
你買了什麼？——什麼也沒買，全都太貴了。
I said nothing. = I didn't say anything.
我什麼也沒說。（兩句意思相同）
We had nowhere to stay that night.
那天晚上我們沒地方住。
Nobody in my class has done their homework.
我們班沒有人做完作業。（用單數 has，但用 their）
一句話只需要一個否定詞：要麼用 no- 詞 + 肯定動詞（I saw nobody），要麼用 not + any-（I didn't see anybody）。作主語時用 no- 詞：Nobody came——不說 “Anybody didn't come” 或 “Not anybody came”。
中文說“我什麼都不知道”，所以學習者容易說成 “I don't know nothing”。標準英語只保留一個否定詞：I don't know anything 或 I know nothing。（在歌詞或非常隨意的口語裡可能會聽到 “I don't know nothing”，但這不是標準英語。）
3.Any = 哪個都行
在肯定句中，any / anything / anybody / anywhere 的意思是“哪個 / 什麼 / 誰 / 哪裡都行”。表達這個意思時，any 常跟單數名詞連用（any bus, any colour），並常和 can / could、you like、I don't mind 搭配。
Take any seat you like.
你喜歡哪個座位就坐哪個。
This is really easy. Anybody can do it.
這真的很簡單，誰都能做。
I'm so hungry I could eat anything.
我餓得什麼都吃得下。
Call me any time. I'm usually at home.
隨時給我打電話，我一般都在家。
比較 no-（零）和 any-（哪個都行）：
| no- = 零 | any- = 哪個都行 |
|---|---|
| There was no bus, so we walked. | You can take any bus. They all go to the centre. |
| Nobody wants this job. It's too hard. | Anybody can do this job. It's very easy. |
| What do you want to eat? — Nothing, thanks. | What do you want to eat? — Anything. I don't mind. |
any 用在疑問句和否定句中的用法（Is there any milk? I don't have any）見“Some 和 any”一課。這裡要注意它的第二種意思：any 用在肯定句中 = “哪個都行”。
4.常見錯誤
I didn't see nobody.I didn't see anybody. / I saw nobody.
只用一個否定詞。
There is not bread left.There is no bread left. / There isn't any bread left.
not 跟動詞搭配，no 跟名詞搭配。
No of my friends live near me.None of my friends live near me.
of 前面用 none，不用 no。
None student passed the test.No student passed the test.
none 不能直接放在名詞前。
Is there any sugar? — No, there's no.No, there's none. / No, there isn't any.
no 後面要接名詞；單獨使用時用 none。
Anybody didn't come to the meeting.Nobody came to the meeting.
否定意思作主語時，用 nobody。
例句
- There's no milk in the fridge. Can you buy some?
- We have no time to lose. The train leaves in five minutes.
- I asked in three shops, but none of them had my size.
- You can sit anywhere. Take any seat you like.
