第 85 课 · 第 7 阶段: 名词、冠词与限定词
No / none / any, nothing / nobody
中级构成与用法
There's no milk, none of them, any colour you like, nobody came——表示零，以及“哪个都行”
1.No、none 和 not any
no 的意思是“没有一个”或“没有任何”。它直接放在名词前——单数、复数或不可数名词都可以——动词保持肯定形式。后面不接名词时用 none：单独使用，或者用 none of + the/my/these… / it / them。
| 搭配 | 例子 | |
|---|---|---|
| no | 名词（单数、复数或不可数） | There's no milk. I have no idea. |
| none | 单独使用，后面没有名词 | How much milk is there? — None. |
| none of | the / my / these… + 名词，或 it / us / them | None of my friends came. None of it is true. |
| not … any | 否定动词 + any + 名词 | There isn't any milk. |
There's no bus after eleven, so we took a taxi.
十一点以后就没有公交车了，所以我们打了车。
Sorry, I have no idea where she is.
抱歉，我完全不知道她在哪儿。
How many tickets are left? — None. They sold out this morning.
还剩几张票？——一张也没有了。今天上午就卖光了。
I bought three melons, but none of them were sweet.
我买了三个瓜，可是没有一个是甜的。
no + 名词和 not … any + 名词意思相同：There's no sugar = There isn't any sugar。口语中 not … any 更常用；no 听起来更强烈、更肯定。none of + 复数名词后面，动词可以用复数，也可以用单数：None of my friends smoke / smokes（口语中用复数更自然，单数更正式）。
常见错误是说 “There is not bread”。记住：not 跟动词搭配（isn't, don't, didn't），no 跟名词搭配：There's no bread / There isn't any bread。还有，no 绝不能放在 of 前面——of 前面要用 none。
2.Nothing、nobody、nowhere
no- + -thing / -body / -one / -where 构成的词本身就是否定的。它们可以作主语、宾语，也可以单独作一个词的回答。no one 通常分开写成两个词（英式英语也写作 no-one）。
| 意思 | no- 词 | = not + any- |
|---|---|---|
| 没有任何东西 | nothing | not … anything |
| 没有任何人 | nobody / no one | not … anybody / anyone |
| 没有任何地方 | nowhere | not … anywhere |
Nobody answered the phone.
没人接电话。
What did you buy? — Nothing. It was all too expensive.
你买了什么？——什么也没买，全都太贵了。
I said nothing. = I didn't say anything.
我什么也没说。（两句意思相同）
We had nowhere to stay that night.
那天晚上我们没地方住。
Nobody in my class has done their homework.
我们班没有人做完作业。（用单数 has，但用 their）
一句话只需要一个否定词：要么用 no- 词 + 肯定动词（I saw nobody），要么用 not + any-（I didn't see anybody）。作主语时用 no- 词：Nobody came——不说 “Anybody didn't come” 或 “Not anybody came”。
中文说“我什么都不知道”，所以学习者容易说成 “I don't know nothing”。标准英语只保留一个否定词：I don't know anything 或 I know nothing。（在歌词或非常随意的口语里可能会听到 “I don't know nothing”，但这不是标准英语。）
3.Any = 哪个都行
在肯定句中，any / anything / anybody / anywhere 的意思是“哪个 / 什么 / 谁 / 哪里都行”。表达这个意思时，any 常跟单数名词连用（any bus, any colour），并常和 can / could、you like、I don't mind 搭配。
Take any seat you like.
你喜欢哪个座位就坐哪个。
This is really easy. Anybody can do it.
这真的很简单，谁都能做。
I'm so hungry I could eat anything.
我饿得什么都吃得下。
Call me any time. I'm usually at home.
随时给我打电话，我一般都在家。
比较 no-（零）和 any-（哪个都行）：
| no- = 零 | any- = 哪个都行 |
|---|---|
| There was no bus, so we walked. | You can take any bus. They all go to the centre. |
| Nobody wants this job. It's too hard. | Anybody can do this job. It's very easy. |
| What do you want to eat? — Nothing, thanks. | What do you want to eat? — Anything. I don't mind. |
any 用在疑问句和否定句中的用法（Is there any milk? I don't have any）见“Some 和 any”一课。这里要注意它的第二种意思：any 用在肯定句中 = “哪个都行”。
4.常见错误
I didn't see nobody.I didn't see anybody. / I saw nobody.
只用一个否定词。
There is not bread left.There is no bread left. / There isn't any bread left.
not 跟动词搭配，no 跟名词搭配。
No of my friends live near me.None of my friends live near me.
of 前面用 none，不用 no。
None student passed the test.No student passed the test.
none 不能直接放在名词前。
Is there any sugar? — No, there's no.No, there's none. / No, there isn't any.
no 后面要接名词；单独使用时用 none。
Anybody didn't come to the meeting.Nobody came to the meeting.
否定意思作主语时，用 nobody。
例句
- There's no milk in the fridge. Can you buy some?
- We have no time to lose. The train leaves in five minutes.
- I asked in three shops, but none of them had my size.
- You can sit anywhere. Take any seat you like.
