الجملة الشرطية الثالثة

تركيب الجملة الشرطية الثالثة: if + had + التصريف الثالث (الماضي التام)، وwould have + التصريف الثالث. نستخدمها لنتخيّل أن الماضي جرى على نحو مختلف — فالشرط والجواب كلاهما غير حقيقيين، لأن الأمر قد وقع وانتهى.

الصيغ المختصرة: If I'd known (had)، I'd have come (would)، I would've come. وفي الكلام السريع تُنطق would have تقريبًا مثل “would-ə”.

💡'd في جملة if هي had (If I'd known)؛ وفي جملة الجواب هي would (I'd have gone). ولأن would've تُنطق مثل “would of”، كثيرًا ما يخطئ الناس في كتابتها — اكتب دائمًا would have.

1. تخيّل ماضٍ مختلف — ما حدث فعلًا كان العكس

• If I had left earlier, I wouldn't have missed the train.

  لو خرجت أبكر، لما فاتني القطار. (خرجت متأخرًا وفاتني)

• If Lan hadn't helped me, I would have failed the course.

  لو لم تساعدني لان، لرسبت في المقرر. (لكن لان ساعدتني)

2. الندم أو اللوم على شيء في الماضي

• If you'd told me it was your birthday, I'd have bought you a cake.

  لو أخبرتني أنه عيد ميلادك، لاشتريت لك كعكة.

• We would have won if we hadn't made so many mistakes.

  لكنا فزنا لو لم نرتكب كل تلك الأخطاء.

3. الارتياح لأن شيئًا سيئًا لم يحدث

• If the neighbours hadn't smelled the smoke, the whole house would have burned down.

  لو لم يشمّ الجيران رائحة الدخان، لاحترق البيت كله.

• If you hadn't reminded me, I would have forgotten my passport.

  لو لم تذكّرني، لنسيت جواز سفري.

في جملة الجواب يمكنك استخدام could have + V3 (= would have been able to، أي «لاستطعنا») أو might have + V3 (= would perhaps have، أي «ربما») بدلًا من would.

• If we'd booked earlier, we could have sat together.

  لو حجزنا أبكر، لاستطعنا أن نجلس معًا. (could have = would have been able to)

• If she had applied, she might have won the scholarship.

  لو تقدّمت بطلب، لربما فازت بالمنحة. (might have = would perhaps have)

حدّد زمن كل جملة. جملة عن الماضي → had V3 / would have V3؛ وجملة عن الآن → الماضي البسيط / would + الفعل. وعندما تتحدث الجملتان عن زمنين مختلفين، تحصل على شرط مختلط (mixed conditional).

• If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.

  لو درست الطب، لكنت طبيبًا الآن. (ماضٍ → حاضر)

• If we hadn't moved to Da Nang, we wouldn't know each other.

  لو لم ننتقل إلى دا نانغ، لما كنا نعرف بعضنا. (ماضٍ → حاضر)

• If he were more organised, he wouldn't have forgotten the meeting.

  لو كان أكثر تنظيمًا، لما نسي الاجتماع. (حاضر → ماضٍ)

• If I didn't have to work tomorrow, I would have stayed at the party longer.

  لو لم يكن عليّ أن أعمل غدًا، لبقيت في الحفلة مدة أطول. (حاضر → ماضٍ)

💡في المختلط 1 كثيرًا ما ترد now, today, still في جملة الجواب. فإذا رأيت “now” وكانت جملة if فيها had V3، فإن الجواب يأخذ would + الفعل، لا would have.

في الإنجليزية الرسمية يمكنك حذف if ووضع had قبل الفاعل: Had I known = If I had known. والنفي هو Had … not + V3 (دون اختصار إلى Hadn't I…). انظر درس «القلب النحوي».

• Had we known the road was closed, we would have gone another way.

  لو عرفنا أن الطريق مغلق، لسلكنا طريقًا آخر.

• Had she not called, I would have waited all night.

  لو لم تتصل، لانتظرت طوال الليل. (وليس: Hadn't she called)

• ✗If I would have known, I would have come.

  ✓If I had known, I would have come.

  جملة if تأخذ had + V3. وعبارة “If I would have…” تُسمع في الكلام العفوي لكنها ليست فصيحة.

• ✗If I knew you were in hospital, I would have visited you.

  ✓If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.

  الحديث عن الماضي → had known.

• ✗We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would arrive on time.

  ✓We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would have arrived on time.

  النتيجة أيضًا في الماضي → would have + V3.

• ✗If she had took the medicine, she would have felt better.

  ✓If she had taken the medicine, she would have felt better.

  had + التصريف الثالث (taken)، لا الماضي البسيط.

• ✗If she had asked me, I would of helped her.

  ✓If she had asked me, I would have helped her.

  would've تُنطق مثل “would of”، لكنها دائمًا have.

• ✗If it had not rained, we would have play tennis.

  ✓If it had not rained, we would have played tennis.

  would have + التصريف الثالث.