पाठ 112 · चरण 10: उन्नत संरचनाएँ
तीसरी सशर्त (conditional 3)
उन्नतThird conditional
रूप और प्रयोग
if + had + V3, would have + V3 — कल्पित भूतकाल और उसका परिणाम
1.रूप (Form)
Third conditional का ढाँचा: if + had + past participle (Past Perfect), would have + past participle। इसका प्रयोग तब करते हैं जब हम कल्पना करते हैं कि बीती हुई बात कुछ और तरह से होती — शर्त और नतीजा दोनों असली नहीं हैं, क्योंकि जो होना था वह हो चुका है।
| if-clause (had + V3) | main clause (would have + V3) | |
|---|---|---|
| सकारात्मक | If you had told me, | I would have helped. |
| नकारात्मक | If we hadn't missed the bus, | we wouldn't have been late. |
| प्रश्न | If you had known, | would you have come? |
छोटे रूप: If I'd known (had), I'd have come (would), I would've come। तेज़ बोलचाल में would have लगभग “would-ə” जैसा सुनाई देता है।
if-clause में 'd का अर्थ had है (If I'd known); नतीजे वाले हिस्से में इसका अर्थ would है (I'd have gone)। और क्योंकि would've सुनने में “would of” जैसा लगता है, लोग अक्सर इसे गलत लिख देते हैं — हमेशा would have लिखें।
2.इसका प्रयोग कब करें
1. बीती बात की अलग कल्पना — असल में जो हुआ, वह इसका उलटा था
If I had left earlier, I wouldn't have missed the train.
अगर मैं पहले निकल जाता, तो मेरी ट्रेन नहीं छूटती। (मैं देर से निकला और ट्रेन छूट गई)
If Lan hadn't helped me, I would have failed the course.
अगर लान ने मेरी मदद न की होती, तो मैं कोर्स में फ़ेल हो जाता। (पर लान ने मदद की)
2. पछतावा या दोष देना — बीती हुई किसी बात के बारे में
If you'd told me it was your birthday, I'd have bought you a cake.
अगर तुमने बताया होता कि आज तुम्हारा जन्मदिन है, तो मैं तुम्हारे लिए केक ले आता।
We would have won if we hadn't made so many mistakes.
अगर हमने इतनी गलतियाँ न की होतीं, तो हम जीत जाते।
3. राहत — कि कुछ बुरा नहीं हुआ
If the neighbours hadn't smelled the smoke, the whole house would have burned down.
अगर पड़ोसियों को धुएँ की गंध न आई होती, तो पूरा घर जलकर राख हो जाता।
If you hadn't reminded me, I would have forgotten my passport.
अगर तुमने याद न दिलाया होता, तो मैं अपना पासपोर्ट भूल जाता।
3.Could have / might have
नतीजे वाले हिस्से में would की जगह could have + V3 (= would have been able to, यानी “कर पाता”) या might have + V3 (= would perhaps have, यानी “शायद कर लेता”) भी लगा सकते हैं।
If we'd booked earlier, we could have sat together.
अगर हमने पहले बुकिंग की होती, तो हम साथ बैठ पाते। (could have = would have been able to)
If she had applied, she might have won the scholarship.
अगर उसने आवेदन किया होता, तो शायद उसे छात्रवृत्ति मिल जाती। (might have = would perhaps have)
4.Second, third और mixed conditional
हर उपवाक्य का समय पहचानें। बीते समय वाला उपवाक्य → had V3 / would have V3; अभी के समय वाला उपवाक्य → Past Simple / would + मूल क्रिया। जब दोनों उपवाक्य अलग-अलग समय के बारे में हों, तो वह mixed conditional बनता है।
| समय | रूप | उदाहरण | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Second | वर्तमान / भविष्य | if + Past Simple, would + मूल क्रिया | If I had a car, I would drive to work. |
| Third | भूतकाल | if + had V3, would have V3 | If I had had a car, I would have driven to work. |
| Mixed 1 | भूतकाल की शर्त → वर्तमान का नतीजा | if + had V3, would + मूल क्रिया | If I had saved money, I would have a car now. |
| Mixed 2 | वर्तमान की शर्त → भूतकाल का नतीजा | if + Past Simple, would have V3 | If I weren't afraid of flying, I would have gone with them. |
If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.
अगर मैंने मेडिकल की पढ़ाई की होती, तो आज मैं डॉक्टर होता। (भूतकाल → वर्तमान)
If we hadn't moved to Da Nang, we wouldn't know each other.
अगर हम दा नांग न आए होते, तो आज एक-दूसरे को नहीं जानते। (भूतकाल → वर्तमान)
If he were more organised, he wouldn't have forgotten the meeting.
अगर वह थोड़ा व्यवस्थित होता, तो मीटिंग नहीं भूलता। (वर्तमान → भूतकाल)
If I didn't have to work tomorrow, I would have stayed at the party longer.
अगर मुझे कल काम पर न जाना होता, तो मैं पार्टी में और देर तक रुकता। (वर्तमान → भूतकाल)
Mixed 1 के नतीजे वाले हिस्से में अक्सर now, today, still आते हैं। अगर आपको “now” दिखे और if-clause में had V3 हो, तो नतीजे में would + मूल क्रिया आएगा, would have नहीं।
5.Inversion: Had I known…
औपचारिक अंग्रेज़ी में if हटाकर had को कर्ता से पहले रख सकते हैं: Had I known = If I had known। नकारात्मक रूप है Had … not + V3 (छोटा करके Hadn't I… नहीं)। पाठ “व्युत्क्रम (inversion)” देखें।
Had we known the road was closed, we would have gone another way.
अगर हमें पता होता कि सड़क बंद है, तो हम दूसरे रास्ते से जाते।
Had she not called, I would have waited all night.
अगर उसने फ़ोन न किया होता, तो मैं पूरी रात इंतज़ार करता रहता। (Hadn't she called नहीं)
6.आम गलतियाँ
If I would have known, I would have come.If I had known, I would have come.
if-clause में had + V3 आता है। “If I would have…” अनौपचारिक बोलचाल में सुनाई देता है, लेकिन मानक नहीं है।
If I knew you were in hospital, I would have visited you.If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
बात बीते समय की है → had known।
We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would arrive on time.We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would have arrived on time.
नतीजा भी बीते समय का है → would have + V3।
If she had took the medicine, she would have felt better.If she had taken the medicine, she would have felt better.
had + past participle (taken), Past Simple नहीं।
If she had asked me, I would of helped her.If she had asked me, I would have helped her.
would've सुनने में “would of” जैसा लगता है, लेकिन हमेशा have ही होता है।
If it had not rained, we would have play tennis.If it had not rained, we would have played tennis.
would have + past participle।
उदाहरण
- If you had told me earlier, I would have helped you.
- If we had left ten minutes earlier, we would have caught the train.
- She wouldn't have failed the exam if she had studied harder.
- If I had had your number, I would have called you last night.
