Ders 112 · Aşama 10: İleri yapılar
Üçüncü tip koşul cümlesi
İleriThird conditional
Kalıp ve kullanım
if + had + V3, would have + V3 — hayali bir geçmiş ve sonucu
1.Yapı
Üçüncü tip koşul cümlesi: if + had + V3 (Past Perfect), would have + V3. Geçmişin farklı gelişmesini hayal etmek için kullanılır — hem koşul hem sonuç gerçek dışıdır, çünkü olay zaten olmuştur.
| if'li kısım (had + V3) | Sonuç kısmı (would have + V3) | |
|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | If you had told me, | I would have helped. |
| Olumsuz | If we hadn't missed the bus, | we wouldn't have been late. |
| Soru | If you had known, | would you have come? |
Kısa biçimler: If I'd known (had), I'd have come (would), I would've come. Hızlı konuşmada would have neredeyse “would-ə” gibi duyulur.
if'li kısımdaki 'd, had'dir (If I'd known); sonuç kısmındaki ise would'dur (I'd have gone). Ayrıca would've “would of” gibi duyulduğu için sık sık yanlış yazılır — her zaman would have yaz.
2.Ne zaman kullanılır
1. Farklı bir geçmiş hayal etmek — gerçekte olan bunun tersiydi
If I had left earlier, I wouldn't have missed the train.
Daha erken çıksaydım treni kaçırmazdım. (geç çıktım ve kaçırdım)
If Lan hadn't helped me, I would have failed the course.
Lan bana yardım etmeseydi dersten kalırdım. (ama Lan yardım etti)
2. Geçmişteki bir şey için pişmanlık ya da sitem
If you'd told me it was your birthday, I'd have bought you a cake.
Doğum günün olduğunu söyleseydin sana pasta alırdım.
We would have won if we hadn't made so many mistakes.
Bu kadar çok hata yapmasaydık kazanırdık.
3. Kötü bir şeyin olmamasından duyulan rahatlama
If the neighbours hadn't smelled the smoke, the whole house would have burned down.
Komşular dumanın kokusunu almasaydı bütün ev yanıp kül olurdu.
If you hadn't reminded me, I would have forgotten my passport.
Bana hatırlatmasaydın pasaportumu unuturdum.
3.Could have / might have
Sonuç kısmında would yerine could have + V3 (= would have been able to, “-ebilirdi”) ya da might have + V3 (= would perhaps have, “belki …-irdi”) kullanılabilir.
If we'd booked earlier, we could have sat together.
Daha erken rezervasyon yapsaydık yan yana oturabilirdik. (could have = would have been able to)
If she had applied, she might have won the scholarship.
Başvursaydı belki bursu kazanırdı. (might have = would perhaps have)
4.İkinci tip, üçüncü tip ve karışık koşul cümleleri
Her kısmın hangi zamandan söz ettiğini bul. Geçmişle ilgili kısım → had V3 / would have V3; şimdiyle ilgili kısım → Simple Past / would + fiil. İki kısım farklı zamanlardan söz ediyorsa bir karışık koşul cümlesi (mixed conditional) elde edersin.
| Zaman | Yapı | Örnek | |
|---|---|---|---|
| İkinci tip | şimdi / gelecek | if + Simple Past, would + fiil | If I had a car, I would drive to work. |
| Üçüncü tip | geçmiş | if + had V3, would have V3 | If I had had a car, I would have driven to work. |
| Karışık 1 | geçmişteki koşul → şimdiki sonuç | if + had V3, would + fiil | If I had saved money, I would have a car now. |
| Karışık 2 | şimdiki koşul → geçmişteki sonuç | if + Simple Past, would have V3 | If I weren't afraid of flying, I would have gone with them. |
If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.
Tıp okusaydım şimdi doktor olurdum. (geçmiş → şimdi)
If we hadn't moved to Da Nang, we wouldn't know each other.
Da Nang'a taşınmasaydık birbirimizi tanımazdık. (geçmiş → şimdi)
If he were more organised, he wouldn't have forgotten the meeting.
Daha düzenli biri olsa toplantıyı unutmazdı. (şimdi → geçmiş)
If I didn't have to work tomorrow, I would have stayed at the party longer.
Yarın çalışmak zorunda olmasam partide daha uzun kalırdım. (şimdi → geçmiş)
Karışık 1'in sonuç kısmında çoğu zaman now, today, still bulunur. “now” görüyorsan ve if'li kısımda had V3 varsa, sonuç kısmı would have değil, would + fiil alır.
5.Devrik yapı: Had I known…
Resmî İngilizcede if'i atıp had'i öznenin önüne alabilirsin: Had I known = If I had known. Olumsuzu Had … not + V3 şeklindedir (Hadn't I… diye kısaltılmaz). “Devrik yapı (inversion)” dersine bak.
Had we known the road was closed, we would have gone another way.
Yolun kapalı olduğunu bilseydik başka yoldan giderdik.
Had she not called, I would have waited all night.
Aramasaydı bütün gece beklerdim. (Hadn't she called değil)
6.Sık yapılan hatalar
If I would have known, I would have come.If I had known, I would have come.
if'li kısım had + V3 alır. “If I would have…” gündelik konuşmada duyulur ama standart değildir.
If I knew you were in hospital, I would have visited you.If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
Geçmişten söz ediliyor → had known.
We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would arrive on time.We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would have arrived on time.
Sonuç da geçmişte → would have + V3.
If she had took the medicine, she would have felt better.If she had taken the medicine, she would have felt better.
had + V3 (taken) gelir, Simple Past değil.
If she had asked me, I would of helped her.If she had asked me, I would have helped her.
would've “would of” gibi duyulur ama her zaman have yazılır.
If it had not rained, we would have play tennis.If it had not rained, we would have played tennis.
would have + V3.
Örnekler
- If you had told me earlier, I would have helped you.
- If we had left ten minutes earlier, we would have caught the train.
- She wouldn't have failed the exam if she had studied harder.
- If I had had your number, I would have called you last night.
