가정법 과거완료 (3형식 조건문)

가정법 과거완료(3형식 조건문)의 형태는 if + had + 과거분사(과거완료), would have + 과거분사입니다. 과거가 다르게 흘러갔다면을 상상할 때 씁니다 — 이미 일어난 일이기 때문에 조건과 결과가 모두 사실이 아닙니다.

줄임형: If I'd known(had), I'd have come(would), I would've come. 빨리 말하면 would have는 거의 “would-ə”처럼 들립니다.

💡if절의 'd는 had(If I'd known)이고, 결과 절의 'd는 would(I'd have gone)입니다. 또 would've는 “would of”처럼 들려서 철자를 틀리는 사람이 많습니다 — 쓸 때는 항상 would have라고 쓰세요.

1. 다른 과거를 상상하기 — 실제로 일어난 일은 그 반대

• If I had left earlier, I wouldn't have missed the train.

  좀 더 일찍 나왔으면 기차를 놓치지 않았을 거예요. (실제로는 늦게 나와서 놓침)

• If Lan hadn't helped me, I would have failed the course.

  란이 도와주지 않았다면 그 과목에서 낙제했을 거예요. (실제로는 란이 도와줌)

2. 과거 일에 대한 후회나 비난

• If you'd told me it was your birthday, I'd have bought you a cake.

  그날이 네 생일이라고 말해 줬으면 케이크를 사 줬을 텐데.

• We would have won if we hadn't made so many mistakes.

  실수를 그렇게 많이 하지 않았다면 우리가 이겼을 거예요.

3. 나쁜 일이 일어나지 않아서 다행이라는 안도

• If the neighbours hadn't smelled the smoke, the whole house would have burned down.

  이웃들이 연기 냄새를 맡지 못했다면 집 전체가 다 타 버렸을 거예요.

• If you hadn't reminded me, I would have forgotten my passport.

  네가 말해 주지 않았으면 여권을 깜빡했을 거야.

결과 절에서는 would 대신 could have + V3(= would have been able to, ~할 수 있었을 텐데)나 might have + V3(= would perhaps have, ~했을지도 모르는데)를 쓸 수 있습니다.

• If we'd booked earlier, we could have sat together.

  좀 더 일찍 예약했으면 같이 앉을 수 있었을 텐데. (could have = would have been able to)

• If she had applied, she might have won the scholarship.

  그녀가 지원했다면 장학금을 받았을지도 몰라요. (might have = would perhaps have)

각 절이 언제의 일인지 따져 보세요. 과거에 대한 절 → had V3 / would have V3, 지금에 대한 절 → 과거형 / would + 동사원형. 두 절의 시간이 다르면 혼합 가정법이 됩니다.

• If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.

  그때 의학을 공부했다면 지금쯤 의사가 되어 있을 거예요. (과거 → 현재)

• If we hadn't moved to Da Nang, we wouldn't know each other.

  다낭으로 이사 오지 않았다면 우리는 지금 서로 모르는 사이일 거예요. (과거 → 현재)

• If he were more organised, he wouldn't have forgotten the meeting.

  그가 좀 더 꼼꼼한 사람이라면 회의를 잊어버리지 않았을 거예요. (현재 → 과거)

• If I didn't have to work tomorrow, I would have stayed at the party longer.

  내일 출근하지 않아도 된다면 어젯밤 파티에 더 오래 있었을 텐데. (현재 → 과거)

💡혼합 1의 결과 절에는 now, today, still이 자주 나옵니다. “now”가 보이고 if절이 had V3라면, 결과는 would have가 아니라 would + 동사원형입니다.

격식 있는 영어에서는 if를 빼고 had를 주어 앞에 둘 수 있습니다: Had I known = If I had known. 부정은 Had … not + V3입니다(Hadn't I…처럼 줄이지 않음). 「도치」 레슨을 참고하세요.

• Had we known the road was closed, we would have gone another way.

  길이 막힌 걸 알았다면 다른 길로 갔을 거예요.

• Had she not called, I would have waited all night.

  그녀가 전화하지 않았다면 저는 밤새 기다렸을 거예요. (Hadn't she called가 아님)

• ✗If I would have known, I would have come.

  ✓If I had known, I would have come.

  if절에는 had + V3를 씁니다. “If I would have…”는 편한 대화에서 들리기도 하지만 표준 영어가 아닙니다.

• ✗If I knew you were in hospital, I would have visited you.

  ✓If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.

  과거의 일이므로 had known입니다.

• ✗We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would arrive on time.

  ✓We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would have arrived on time.

  결과도 과거의 일 → would have + V3입니다.

• ✗If she had took the medicine, she would have felt better.

  ✓If she had taken the medicine, she would have felt better.

  had + 과거분사(taken)입니다. 과거형이 아닙니다.

• ✗If she had asked me, I would of helped her.

  ✓If she had asked me, I would have helped her.

  would've는 “would of”처럼 들리지만 항상 have입니다.

• ✗If it had not rained, we would have play tennis.

  ✓If it had not rained, we would have played tennis.

  would have + 과거분사입니다.