Lezione 112 · Tappa 10: Strutture avanzate
Il periodo ipotetico di terzo tipo
AvanzatoThird conditional
Forma e uso
if + had + V3, would have + V3 — un passato immaginato e il suo risultato
1.Forma
Il periodo ipotetico di terzo tipo: if + had + participio passato (past perfect), would have + participio passato. Si usa per immaginare un passato andato diversamente: sia la condizione sia la conseguenza sono irreali, perché tutto è già successo.
| frase con if (had + V3) | frase principale (would have + V3) | |
|---|---|---|
| Affermativa | If you had told me, | I would have helped. |
| Negativa | If we hadn't missed the bus, | we wouldn't have been late. |
| Domanda | If you had known, | would you have come? |
Forme contratte: If I'd known (had), I'd have come (would), I would've come. Nel parlato veloce, would have suona quasi come “would-ə”.
Il 'd nella frase con if è had (If I'd known); nella frase principale è would (I'd have gone). E siccome would've suona come “would of”, molti lo scrivono male: scrivi sempre would have.
2.Quando si usa
1. Immaginare un passato diverso: quello che è successo davvero è il contrario
If I had left earlier, I wouldn't have missed the train.
Se fossi uscito prima, non avrei perso il treno. (sono uscito tardi e l'ho perso)
If Lan hadn't helped me, I would have failed the course.
Se Lan non mi avesse aiutato, sarei stato bocciato al corso. (ma Lan mi ha aiutato)
2. Rimpianti o rimproveri su qualcosa del passato
If you'd told me it was your birthday, I'd have bought you a cake.
Se mi avessi detto che era il tuo compleanno, ti avrei comprato una torta.
We would have won if we hadn't made so many mistakes.
Avremmo vinto se non avessimo fatto così tanti errori.
3. Sollievo perché una cosa brutta non è successa
If the neighbours hadn't smelled the smoke, the whole house would have burned down.
Se i vicini non avessero sentito l'odore del fumo, sarebbe bruciata tutta la casa.
If you hadn't reminded me, I would have forgotten my passport.
Se non me l'avessi ricordato, avrei dimenticato il passaporto.
3.Could have / might have
Nella frase principale puoi usare could have + V3 (= would have been able to) o might have + V3 (= would perhaps have) al posto di would.
If we'd booked earlier, we could have sat together.
Se avessimo prenotato prima, avremmo potuto sederci vicini. (could have = would have been able to)
If she had applied, she might have won the scholarship.
Se avesse fatto domanda, forse avrebbe vinto la borsa di studio. (might have = would perhaps have)
4.Secondo tipo, terzo tipo e periodo ipotetico misto
Individua il tempo di ciascuna frase. Una frase sul passato → had V3 / would have V3; una frase sul presente → past simple / would + verbo. Quando le due frasi parlano di tempi diversi, hai un periodo ipotetico misto.
| Tempo | Forma | Esempio | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Secondo tipo | presente / futuro | if + passato, would + verbo | If I had a car, I would drive to work. |
| Terzo tipo | passato | if + had V3, would have V3 | If I had had a car, I would have driven to work. |
| Misto 1 | condizione passata → conseguenza presente | if + had V3, would + verbo | If I had saved money, I would have a car now. |
| Misto 2 | condizione presente → conseguenza passata | if + passato, would have V3 | If I weren't afraid of flying, I would have gone with them. |
If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.
Se avessi studiato medicina, adesso farei il medico. (passato → presente)
If we hadn't moved to Da Nang, we wouldn't know each other.
Se non ci fossimo trasferiti a Da Nang, non ci conosceremmo. (passato → presente)
If he were more organised, he wouldn't have forgotten the meeting.
Se fosse più organizzato, non avrebbe dimenticato la riunione. (presente → passato)
If I didn't have to work tomorrow, I would have stayed at the party longer.
Se domani non dovessi lavorare, sarei rimasto alla festa più a lungo. (presente → passato)
Il misto 1 ha spesso now, today, still nella conseguenza. Se vedi “now” e la frase con if ha had V3, la conseguenza vuole would + verbo, non would have.
5.Inversione: Had I known…
Nell'inglese formale puoi togliere if e mettere had prima del soggetto: Had I known = If I had known. La negativa è Had … not + V3 (senza contrarla in Hadn't I…). Vedi la lezione “L'inversione”.
Had we known the road was closed, we would have gone another way.
Se avessimo saputo che la strada era chiusa, saremmo passati da un'altra parte.
Had she not called, I would have waited all night.
Se lei non avesse chiamato, avrei aspettato tutta la notte. (non: Hadn't she called)
6.Errori comuni
If I would have known, I would have come.If I had known, I would have come.
La frase con if vuole had + V3. “If I would have…” si sente nel parlato informale, ma non è standard.
If I knew you were in hospital, I would have visited you.If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
Si parla del passato → had known.
We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would arrive on time.We were late. If we had taken a taxi, we would have arrived on time.
Anche la conseguenza è nel passato → would have + V3.
If she had took the medicine, she would have felt better.If she had taken the medicine, she would have felt better.
had + participio passato (taken), non il past simple.
If she had asked me, I would of helped her.If she had asked me, I would have helped her.
would've suona come “would of”, ma è sempre have.
If it had not rained, we would have play tennis.If it had not rained, we would have played tennis.
would have + participio passato.
Esempi
- If you had told me earlier, I would have helped you.
- If we had left ten minutes earlier, we would have caught the train.
- She wouldn't have failed the exam if she had studied harder.
- If I had had your number, I would have called you last night.
