Shadowing Practice: Elements | Middle school chemistry | Khan Academy - Learn English Speaking with Video
Creando lección...
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Think about all the thousands of books and poems and articles and dictionaries and encyclopedias and textbooks and so much more.
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All those English writings are fundamentally made of what?
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26 letters.
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And yeah, some spaces, but that's it.
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These 26 letters forms the building block of almost every single thing, all the uncountable words and sentences that you can make.
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Now, guess what?
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Turns out, our nature is similar.
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Almost everything that you can touch and taste and smell
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and feel around you from the germs to microbes to stuff like cats
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and dogs to oceans and mountains and even planets and stars.
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Turns out, All of these are also made from just a few building blocks, about a hundred of them.
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Each square over here represents a building block, and we'll talk a little bit about how we arrange them and stuff.
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But these building blocks are called the elements.
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And that's what we're going to talk about in this video.
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So let's do that.
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First of all, these elements, the building blocks, are also called pure substances.
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And like I said earlier, they make up almost all the matter around us.
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hydrogen and oxygen and consider any living being like yourself then you are mostly made of six Elements.
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Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, and Phosphorus.
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I mean, there are other elements, but these mostly make it up.
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And just to give you another example, if you consider any rock, then they're mostly made of five elements: Silicon,
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Oxygen, Aluminium, Magnesium, and Iron.
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Don't worry about remembering the names of these elements for now.
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What's important, and I keep repeating because it's so important, is that almost all the matter in the universe is made from these elements.
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So to study matter, we need to study these elements.
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So let's do that.
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We arrange these elements in this particular form and we call this the periodic table.
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It might seem daunting at first, but let's look at it, okay?
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So first of all, you can see that each element gets a square and a number.
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So, element number one is hydrogen.
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Element number two is over here, helium.
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Element number three is lithium.
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Element number four is beryllium and so on and so forth.
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What we want to notice over here is that each element has a symbol, kind of an abbreviation.
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Now for some elements, that's basically the first letter of the word, H for hydrogen.
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B for boron, C for carbon, N for nitrogen, and so on and so forth.
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And notice we always use capital letters.
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But what about other elements which start with the same letter?
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For example, helium.
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How do we ensure we don't confuse it with hydrogen?
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Well, we use first two letters, so HE.
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Similarly, for calcium, to make sure we don't confuse it with carbon, we use the first two letters, CA, and so on and so forth.
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But what's important again over here is to notice how we write that.
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the first letter is capital over here, the second letter is small.
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So we'll never write helium this way, where both are capital, and we'll never write it this way, where both are small.
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We'll always write it as first letter capital, second letter small, and that's always the case.
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Alright, these make sense, but what about sodium?
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Sodium is Na, what's going on over here?
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And then there's more such stuff.
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So for example, gold is Au.
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Tungsten, which is used in the filament of our bulbs, is W.
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And lead is PB, what's going on over here?
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Well, humanity has known about these elements for a long time now.
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And some of these symbols are taken from the old names from different languages like Greek, Latin, Arabic, German, and so on.
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Na stands for natrium, a Latin word for sodium.
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AU comes from Aurum.
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PB comes from Plumbum, the Latin word for lead.
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Fun fact, earlier pipes in the Roman Empire were made from lead
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and therefore people who used to fix those pipes were called Plumbers and the name is stuck today.
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And W comes from the German Wolfram.
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Now again, you might be thinking, "Oh my god, how am I supposed to remember all of this?" Don't worry, we don't have to do that.
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As we start talking about some of the common elements over and over again, we'll start So, in summary, all the matter that you see,
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almost everything in the universe is made of a few, about a hundred elements, which we also call the pure substances.
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They're arranged this way in what we call the periodic table.
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And just like how learning the English language is basically figuring
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out how we can combine these different letters to form very interesting words and sentences,
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the trick to learning about matter is learning how we can combine these different elements to form interesting new things.
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before?
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Well, imagine we had a hundred different kinds of Legos with us.
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Then by combining them in different combinations, you can build up almost anything you want.
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And now you can imagine some of these Lego structures are like mountains and others are like cats.
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And we can build whatever we want.
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We can let our imagination lose over here, which is pretty awesome.
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But if you break them all down into their basic pieces, you get back your elements.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Las palabras que más se repiten: element, letter, hydrogen, block, word. Este vídeo tiene 74 frases y 902 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:10. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 174 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 86 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| litter sustantivo | /ˈlɪt.ɚ/ | cama, lecho |
| hydrogen sustantivo | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | hidrógeno |
| helium sustantivo | /ˈhiː.li.əm/ | helio |
| sodium sustantivo | /ˈsəʊ.di.əm/ | sodio |
| arrange verbo | /əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒ/ | arreglar, acotejar |
| combine verbo | /kəmˈbaɪn/ | combinar, juntar |
| oxygen sustantivo | /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/ | oxígeno |
| periodic adjetivo | /ˌpɪɹiˈɑdɪk/ | periódico |
| confuse verbo | /kənˈfjuːz/ | confundir, barahustar |
| nitrogen sustantivo | /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/ | nitrógeno |
| calcium sustantivo | /ˈkælsi.əm/ | calcio |
| substance sustantivo | /ˈsʌbstəns/ | sustancia, substancia |
| pipe sustantivo | /ˈpaɪp/ | caramillo, flauta f) |
| symbol sustantivo | /ˈsɪmbəl/ | símbolo |
| abbreviation sustantivo | /əˌbɹi.viˈeɪ.ʃn̩/ | abreviación |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| turn out verbo | resultar | |
| get back verbo | regresar | |
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | reponer, suplir |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | are also made · are called · are also called |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | Tungsten, which is · people who used · here, which is |
| Posibilidad con “might / may” might/may + verbo — algo posible pero no seguro | might seem · might be |
| Verbo + -ing enjoy, keep, stop… + -ing — verbos seguidos de la forma en -ing | keep repeating · start talking |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 13 contracciones y formas reducidas, como don't, we'll, they're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: abbreviation /əˌbɹi.viˈeɪ.ʃn̩/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: periodic /ˌpɪɹiˈɑdɪk/, abbreviation /əˌbɹi.viˈeɪ.ʃn̩/, beryllium /bəˈɹɪl.i.əm/, encyclopedia /ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpidi.ə/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: confuse /kənˈfjuːz/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
- /dʒ/ — no es la “y” ni la “ch”: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, arrange /əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒ/, oxygen /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/, nitrogen /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/
- /h/ — una aspiración suave, no la “j”: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, helium /ˈhiː.li.əm/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como litter, hydrogen, helium.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.