Shadowing Practice: Elements | Middle school chemistry | Khan Academy - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Think about all the thousands of books and poems and articles and dictionaries and encyclopedias and textbooks and so much more.
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All those English writings are fundamentally made of what?
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26 letters.
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And yeah, some spaces, but that's it.
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These 26 letters forms the building block of almost every single thing, all the uncountable words and sentences that you can make.
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Now, guess what?
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Turns out, our nature is similar.
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Almost everything that you can touch and taste and smell
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and feel around you from the germs to microbes to stuff like cats
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and dogs to oceans and mountains and even planets and stars.
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Turns out, All of these are also made from just a few building blocks, about a hundred of them.
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Each square over here represents a building block, and we'll talk a little bit about how we arrange them and stuff.
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But these building blocks are called the elements.
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And that's what we're going to talk about in this video.
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So let's do that.
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First of all, these elements, the building blocks, are also called pure substances.
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And like I said earlier, they make up almost all the matter around us.
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hydrogen and oxygen and consider any living being like yourself then you are mostly made of six Elements.
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Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, and Phosphorus.
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I mean, there are other elements, but these mostly make it up.
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And just to give you another example, if you consider any rock, then they're mostly made of five elements: Silicon,
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Oxygen, Aluminium, Magnesium, and Iron.
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Don't worry about remembering the names of these elements for now.
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What's important, and I keep repeating because it's so important, is that almost all the matter in the universe is made from these elements.
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So to study matter, we need to study these elements.
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So let's do that.
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We arrange these elements in this particular form and we call this the periodic table.
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It might seem daunting at first, but let's look at it, okay?
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So first of all, you can see that each element gets a square and a number.
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So, element number one is hydrogen.
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Element number two is over here, helium.
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Element number three is lithium.
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Element number four is beryllium and so on and so forth.
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What we want to notice over here is that each element has a symbol, kind of an abbreviation.
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Now for some elements, that's basically the first letter of the word, H for hydrogen.
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B for boron, C for carbon, N for nitrogen, and so on and so forth.
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And notice we always use capital letters.
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But what about other elements which start with the same letter?
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For example, helium.
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How do we ensure we don't confuse it with hydrogen?
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Well, we use first two letters, so HE.
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Similarly, for calcium, to make sure we don't confuse it with carbon, we use the first two letters, CA, and so on and so forth.
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But what's important again over here is to notice how we write that.
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the first letter is capital over here, the second letter is small.
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So we'll never write helium this way, where both are capital, and we'll never write it this way, where both are small.
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We'll always write it as first letter capital, second letter small, and that's always the case.
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Alright, these make sense, but what about sodium?
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Sodium is Na, what's going on over here?
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And then there's more such stuff.
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So for example, gold is Au.
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Tungsten, which is used in the filament of our bulbs, is W.
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And lead is PB, what's going on over here?
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Well, humanity has known about these elements for a long time now.
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And some of these symbols are taken from the old names from different languages like Greek, Latin, Arabic, German, and so on.
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Na stands for natrium, a Latin word for sodium.
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AU comes from Aurum.
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PB comes from Plumbum, the Latin word for lead.
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Fun fact, earlier pipes in the Roman Empire were made from lead
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and therefore people who used to fix those pipes were called Plumbers and the name is stuck today.
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And W comes from the German Wolfram.
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Now again, you might be thinking, "Oh my god, how am I supposed to remember all of this?" Don't worry, we don't have to do that.
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As we start talking about some of the common elements over and over again, we'll start So, in summary, all the matter that you see,
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almost everything in the universe is made of a few, about a hundred elements, which we also call the pure substances.
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They're arranged this way in what we call the periodic table.
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And just like how learning the English language is basically figuring
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out how we can combine these different letters to form very interesting words and sentences,
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the trick to learning about matter is learning how we can combine these different elements to form interesting new things.
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before?
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Well, imagine we had a hundred different kinds of Legos with us.
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Then by combining them in different combinations, you can build up almost anything you want.
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And now you can imagine some of these Lego structures are like mountains and others are like cats.
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And we can build whatever we want.
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We can let our imagination lose over here, which is pretty awesome.
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But if you break them all down into their basic pieces, you get back your elements.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: element, letter, hydrogen, block, word. Deze video bevat 74 zinnen en 902 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:10. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 174 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 86% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| litter zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈlɪt.ɚ/ | strooisel |
| hydrogen zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | waterstof |
| helium zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈhiː.li.əm/ | helium |
| sodium zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsəʊ.di.əm/ | natrium |
| arrange werkwoord | /əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒ/ | regelen, schikken |
| combine werkwoord | /kəmˈbaɪn/ | combineren |
| oxygen zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/ | zuurstof |
| confuse werkwoord | /kənˈfjuːz/ | verwarren, in de war brengen |
| nitrogen zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/ | stikstof |
| calcium zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈkælsi.əm/ | calcium |
| substance zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsʌbstəns/ | substantie |
| pipe zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpaɪp/ | fluit |
| symbol zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsɪmbəl/ | symbool |
| abbreviation zelfstandig naamwoord | /əˌbɹi.viˈeɪ.ʃn̩/ | afkorting, verkorting |
| beryllium zelfstandig naamwoord | /bəˈɹɪl.i.əm/ | beryllium |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| turn out werkwoord | uitvallen, resulteren |
| build up werkwoord | opstapelen |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | are also made · are called · are also called |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | Tungsten, which is · people who used · here, which is |
| Mogelijkheid met “might / may” might/may + werkwoord — iets is mogelijk maar niet zeker | might seem · might be |
| Werkwoord + -ing enjoy, keep, stop… + -ing — werkwoorden die door de -ing-vorm worden gevolgd | keep repeating · start talking |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 13 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals don't, we'll, they're. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: abbreviation /əˌbɹi.viˈeɪ.ʃn̩/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: periodic /ˌpɪɹiˈɑdɪk/, abbreviation /əˌbɹi.viˈeɪ.ʃn̩/, beryllium /bəˈɹɪl.i.əm/, encyclopedia /ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpidi.ə/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: arrange /əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒ/, confuse /kənˈfjuːz/, microbe /ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/, bulb /ˈbʌlb/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: calcium /ˈkælsi.əm/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als litter, hydrogen, helium.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.