Shadowing Practice: The world is poorly designed. But copying nature helps. - Learn English Speaking with Video
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82 משפטים
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In 1989, Japan's Shinkansen bullet train had a problem.
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It was fast, really fast, like pushing 170 miles per hour fast.
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But every time it exited a tunnel, it was loud.
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The noise was coming from a variety of sources, but whenever a train sped into a tunnel, it pushed waves of atmospheric pressure through the other end.
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The air exited tunnels with a sonic boom that could be heard 400 meters away.
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In dense residential areas, that was a huge problem.
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So an engineering team was brought in to design a quieter, faster, and more efficient train.
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And they had one secret weapon.
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Eiji Nakatsu, the general manager of the technical development department, was a bird watcher.
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Different components of the redesigned bullet train were based on different birds.
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owls inspired the pantograph that's the rig that connects the train to the electric wires above
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nakatsu modeled the redesign after their feathers reducing noise by using the same serrations and curvature
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that allow them to silently swoop down to catch prey the adeli penguin whose smooth body allows it to swim
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and slide effortlessly inspired the pantograph supporting shaft redesigned for lower wind resistance.
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And perhaps most notable of all was the kingfisher.
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The kingfisher is a bird that dives into water to catch its prey.
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The unique shape of its beak allows it to do that while barely making a splash.
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Nakatsu took that shape to the design table.
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The team shot bullets shaped like different train -nose models down a pipe to measure pressure waves
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and dropped them into water to measure the splash size.
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The quietest nose design was the one modeled most closely after the Kingfisher's beak.
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When the redesign debuted in 1997, it was 10 % faster, used 15 % less electricity, and stayed under the 70 decibel noise limit in residential areas.
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And it did all that with the wings of an owl, the belly of a penguin, and the nose of a Kingfisher.
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There's a name for design like this.
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It's called biomimicry.
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The people who design our world usually never take a biology class, believe it or not.
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So they're novices in how the world works.
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That's Janine Benyus.
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Back in 1997, she wrote the book that coined the term biomimicry.
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It told the story of the innovations in computing, energy, and health that were inspired by structures in the natural world.
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Stick like a gecko, compute like a cell, even run a business like a redwood forest.
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Benyus has since worked as a consultant for various companies, trying to get them to understand how to take design ideas from nature.
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That might mean studying prairie dog burrows to build better air ventilation systems, mimicking shark skin to create bacteria -resistant plastic surfaces for hospitals,
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or arranging wind turbines in the same drag -reducing pattern that schools of fish swim in.
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Designers get inspiration from a lot of different places, but Benyus thinks many of them could benefit from looking more at the natural world.
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So there's a lot of sort of looking at what other people have done
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and what they do is they look at all the others and they get ideas.
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They literally do, you know, a lot of designers have lots of magazines that they look through.
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They They tear those out and they put them on inspiration boards.
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But they're looking at other human technologies.
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Her idea was simple.
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Designers should get in the habit of bringing a biologist to the table and let them help solve problems by mimicking nature.
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And there are three main ways they can do that.
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You know, you can mimic its form or its shape.
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You might create a paint for a building that when it dries, it's got the same structure as self -cleaning leaves.
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Lotus leaves are notoriously great.
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They let rainwater clean the leaf because they have these bumps.
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The rainwater balls up on the bumps and then it pearls away the dirt.
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So that lotus effect is physical.
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And you can create a physical structure on the outside of any product.
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Imagine that on the outside of your car.
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Rainwater would clean your car.
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So that's mimicking form.
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But there's also a mimicking process the processes in the natural
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world it might even be you know how you mimic how
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ants communicate in order to efficiently find sources of food
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or new new places to live and those processes
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that self -organization has been mimicked in software you know in things like all you know autonomous cars
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and how they're gonna move in flocks through the city by talking to one another that's mimicking nature's process
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and then you jump up
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to the level of mimicking whole ecosystems right there's a thing
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called that's a buzzword right now that's really hot called the circular economy
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which is essentially you know industry saying you know there are
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there's no there should be no such thing as a byproduct in our manufacturing facility
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that goes to landfill it should be used by something else right
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and at the end of a product's life
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that product should be upcycled into something else it's being called the circular economy ecosystems do
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that really really really well you've got a log on the forest floor
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and those materials move up into the body of the fungus that eats it those materials move up into a
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mouse and that mouse material moves up into a hawk right
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and if you think about
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that is what we'd like to do with local materials being
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upcycled constantly in our cities for instance those These ecosystem lessons are really big for us.
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And that's the end goal for biomimetic design, making products, systems, and cities functionally indistinguishable from the natural world.
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Life has been around on Earth for 3 .8 billion years, and what designers are starting to realize is that that is a lot of research and development time.
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The people who design our world have a lot to learn from the natural world.
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All they have to do is take a look.
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Thank you so much for watching.
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This is one of a series of videos that we're doing in collaboration with 99 % Invisible.
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They are a podcast that does stories all about design.
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We loved working with them.
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You should definitely check them out at 99pi .org or on any podcast app.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה B2 מבוסס על הסרטון “The world is poorly designed. But copying nature helps”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: design, mimicking, train, natural, designers. בסרטון הזה יש 82 משפטים ו-1057 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 6:44. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-157 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 80% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| mimic פועל | /ˈmɪm.ɪk/ | חיקה |
| kingfisher שם עצם | /ˈkɪŋˌfɪʃə/ | שַׁלְדָּג |
| inspire פועל | /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/ | השרה |
| beak שם עצם | /biːk/ | מַקּוֹר |
| lotus שם עצם | /ˈloʊtəs/ | לוֹטוּס |
| penguin שם עצם | /ˈpɛŋ.ɡwɪn/ | פִּינְגְּוִין |
| prey שם עצם | /pɹeɪ/ | טֶרֶף |
| podcast שם עצם | /ˈpɑdˌkæst/ | פּוֹדְקַאסְט, הֶסְכֵּת |
| bacterium שם עצם | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | חַיְדַּק \ חידק |
| biologist שם עצם | /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/ | ביולוג \ בִּיוֹלוֹג |
| burrow שם עצם | /ˈbʌɹoʊ/ | חור, מחילה |
| fungus שם עצם | /ˈfʌŋ.ɡəs/ | פטרייה |
| ventilation שם עצם | /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | אוורור, הנשמה |
| turbine שם עצם | /ˈtɜː.baɪn/ | טוּרְבִּינָה |
| flock שם עצם | /flɑk/ | עֵדֶר |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | could be heard · was brought · were based |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | have done · has been mimicked · has been |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | people who design |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-7 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו they're, gonna, we'd. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: kingfisher /ˈkɪŋˌfɪʃə/, splash /splæʃ/, indistinguishable [ˌɪn.dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪ.ʃə.bl̩], ventilation /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, shaft /ˈʃɑːft/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, biologist /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/, biomimetic /ˌbaɪəʊmɪˈmɛtɪk/, effortlessly /ˈɛf.ɚt.ləs.li/, indistinguishable [ˌɪn.dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪ.ʃə.bl̩]
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: penguin /ˈpɛŋ.ɡwɪn/, indistinguishable [ˌɪn.dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪ.ʃə.bl̩], redwood /ˈɹɛdwʊd/, watcher /ˈwɑ.t͡ʃɚ/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: splash /splæʃ/, podcast /ˈpɑdˌkæst/, bacterium /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/, landfill /ˈlæn(d).fɪl/, atmospheric /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: redesign /ˌɹiː.dɪˈzaɪn/, inspire /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/, pantograph /ˈpantəɡɹɑːf/, circular /ˈsɜɹ.kjə.ləɹ/, prey /pɹeɪ/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו mimic, kingfisher, inspire.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.