शैडोइंग अभ्यास: HISTORY OF IDEAS - Loneliness - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
अभ्यास मोड चुनें
हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
79 वाक्य
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1
What is difficult in the modern world?
2
When we think about what's difficult in the modern world, we're liable to think about meal times.
3
How seldom they now take place communally.
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How rare it is for whole families to gather.
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How much technology can intrude.
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In paintings of communal meals from the olden days,
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we can appreciate how all ages used to come together around one table and how welcoming the atmosphere seems to have been.
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Even the family horse might have been invited to join in.
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The modern condition appears so bleak by comparison.
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Rather than a family around the hearth, the emblematic image is of a single person with a tray on their knees in front of the television.
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It was the Swanson Corporation, originally a poultry producer in Omaha, Nebraska, that launched the frozen TV dinner in 1954,
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the same year coloured television was introduced in the US.
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It is a short distance in time, but a long way in spirit,
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from Norman Rockwell's laughter-filled family Thanksgiving celebration to Swanson's industrially produced Turkey Meal for One.
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The modern world is surely a lonelier place than the one that preceded it.
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The question is why.
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It isn't ultimately technology that has made us lonely.
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It's an identifiable set of ideas.
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We've rendered ourselves lonely first and foremost because of certain stories we've started to tell about what loneliness means.
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Most eras before our own knew that solitude did not, per se, have to be a sign of wretchedness.
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In the fourth century, the The greatest saint of early Christianity, Saint Anthony, was said to have spent more than 40 years by himself in Egypt's western desert,
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not saying a word, eating only bread and salt, and communing with God.
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So impressed were some with Anthony's life, they came to join him in the desert and became collectively known as the Desert Fathers.
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Their philosophy of solitary piety would go on to have a decisive influence on the founding of monasteries.
25
At the height of monasticism in the Middle Ages, a million people across Europe
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and North Africa chose to forego the bustle of family in order to dwell in some of the most rugged
27
and remote to reign in the world in silent contemplation of God.
28
However, in the wake of the reformation and the destruction of the monasteries, solitary piety began to lose its prestige and receded as a practical option.
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Those who had previously lived alone at the tops of mountains were now encouraged to serve God by remaining in the community, finding a spouse and starting a family.
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To this newly social religious impetus was added the influence of Romanticism, a movement of ideas that, with different ends in view,
31
similarly encouraged people to give up on commitments to their own company.
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For the Romantics, happiness lay in identifying one exceptional soulmate,
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to whom one could surrender one's independence and with whom one might fuse mind and body.
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The Romantic movement turned solitude from a respectable choice to evidence of pathology.
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When the Beatles released Eleanor Rigby in 1966, the song that more than any other defined what loneliness meant for the modern age,
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it was at once clear why Eleanor was a pitiful figure.
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The famous face that she kept in a jar by the door had been intended for an enchanting partner that,
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like all single people, she must surely have longed to find.
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Only with romantic love could there be a decent life.
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So ran the philosophy of the song, of all the Beatles' works and, in fact, of pretty much every pop song ever written.
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Failed to fall completely in love and, romanticism warned, one would soon enough be picking up rice in the church where a wedding had been or,
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rivalling for strangeness, the very odd Father Mackenzie, around whom there seemed to be so little of the glamour that had once attended the Desert Fathers.
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The modern world not only made it mandatory to have a partner,
44
it's also made it feel essential to have a vibrant gang of friends and to enjoy seeing them regularly at parties.
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An empty diary has become an emblem of deformity.
46
But there is not the slightest admission that it might, all things considered, be a bit of a curious thing to stand in a crowded room full of status-panicked,
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often socially anxious people, every one of them terrified of honesty or failure.
48
In 1921, Carl Jung, in his book Psychological Types, introduced the terms extroverted and introverted to divide humanity.
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The former referred to a sort of person who could best realise their potential in the company of others.
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The latter were those who needed to move away from crowds in order to regain their integrity.
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Everyone possesses both mechanisms, wrote Jung, but it was evident where the spirit of the modern age has resided.
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It has been the achievement of a few, often ignored artists of the modern period, to make a case for introversion,
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to try to coat solitude in glamour.
54
In a painting by the German artist Caspar David Friedrich, we are invited to trust that the lonely figure in the landscape is privy to insights
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that might be lost in the crowd down in the lowlands.
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The man is needed to travel up to the mountains in order to put the bluster and envy of humans in perspective.
57
should dare to follow him in his trajectory.
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Separated by many decades, Gwen John's young woman doesn't seem to belong to an official religion,
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but if there was one dedicated to the appreciation of solitude, then she would be one of its saintly and legendary figures.
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Her expression – kind, gentle,
61
melancholy – is an advertisement for all that the modern world has neglected in its promotion of active, cheery lives.
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Isolation isn't a particular curse.
63
It's just where good people tend to end up.
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We should dare to believe that we are in solitude not because we are mentally ill, but because we are noble of spirit.
65
We don't hate company, it's just
66
that we would prefer to stay home rather than accept the counterfeit tokens of community that are too often on offer.
67
The way to make people feel less alone isn't to pull them out of their musings in the forest
68
or in the diner, in the library or the desert and force them to go bowling.
69
It's to reassure them that being alone is no sign of failure.
70
To lessen modernity's crisis of loneliness, we need for solitude to be rehabilitated and for singlehood to regain its dignity.
71
There is nothing catastrophic about eating dinner, many dinners, on our own.
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Those Swanson TV dinners might have been capable of improvement, but it is ultimately far better to be eating a basic
73
meal in peace than to be in a ballroom surrounded by false smiles and oppressive judgements.
74
When we do so, we aren't in fact on our own at all.
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We are, as the modern world fails to remind us, dining with some of the finest, most elevated spirits who have ever lived.
76
We are, though ostensibly by ourselves, in the very best company.
77
One of the trickiest tasks we ever have to face is that of working out who we really are.
78
This book is designed to help us create a psychological portrait of ourselves, with the use of some unusual, oblique, entertaining and playful prompts.
79
Click the link on screen now to find out more.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह C1 स्तर का स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “HISTORY OF IDEAS - Loneliness” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: modern, solitude, desert। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 79 वाक्य और 1247 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 8:00 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 156 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। केवल 79% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| loneliness संज्ञा | /ˈloʊnlinəs/ | अकेलापन, तनहाई |
| piety संज्ञा | /ˈpaɪ̯ɪti/ | धार्मिकता |
| romanticism संज्ञा | /ɹəʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/ | स्वच्छन्दतावाद, रोमांटिसिज़्म |
| glamour संज्ञा | /ˈɡlæmɚ/ | आभा, सौन्दर्य |
| monastery संज्ञा | /ˈmɑnəˌstɛɹi/ | मठ, आश्रम |
| contemplation संज्ञा | /ˌkɑntəmˈpleɪʃən/ | चिंतन, ध्यान |
| counterfeit विशेषण | /ˈkaʊn.tɚˌfɪt/ | खोटा, जाली |
| oppressive विशेषण | /əˈpɹɛs.ɪv/ | दमनकारी |
| pitiful विशेषण | /ˈpɪt.ɪ.fl̩/ | दयनीय |
| reassure क्रिया | /ˌɹi.əˈʃʊɹ/ | आश्वासन |
| strangeness संज्ञा | विलक्षणता, विचित्रता | |
| pathology संज्ञा | /pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/ | विकृतिविज्ञान |
| emblem संज्ञा | /ˈɛmbləm/ | प्रतीक, चिह्न |
| trajectory संज्ञा | /tɹəˈd͡ʒɛktəɹi/ | प्रक्षेपवक्र |
| seldom क्रिया विशेषण | /ˈsɛldəm/ | कभी कभी |
वीडियो में आने वाली फ़्रेज़ल वर्ब
| शब्द | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| pick up क्रिया | उठाना |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | have been invited · was introduced · was said |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | has made · We've rendered · has become |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | Those who had · person who could · those who needed |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 9 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे isn't, we've, aren't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: hearth /ˈhɑɹθ/, pathology /pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: contemplation /ˌkɑntəmˈpleɪʃən/, introversion /ɪntɹəˈvəɹʒən/, reassure /ˌɹi.əˈʃʊɹ/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, socially /ˈsoʊʃəli/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: romanticism /ɹəʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/, monastery /ˈmɑnəˌstɛɹi/, solitary /ˈsɑlɪˌtɛɹi/, contemplation /ˌkɑntəmˈpleɪʃən/, deformity /dɪˈfɔɹməti/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: elevate /ˈɛləveɪt/, extroverted /ˈɛkstɹəˌvəɹtɪd/, introversion /ɪntɹəˈvəɹʒən/, introverted /ˈɪn.tɹəˌvɜːɹ.təd/, oppressive /əˈpɹɛs.ɪv/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: romanticism /ɹəʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/, fuse /fjuːz/, reside /ɹɪˈzaɪd/, advertisement /ˈædvɚˌtaɪzmənt/, possess /pəˈzɛs/
- /æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: romanticism /ɹəʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/, glamour /ˈɡlæmɚ/, enchant /ɪnˈt͡ʃænt/, catastrophic /ˌkætəˈstɹɑfɪk/, advertisement /ˈædvɚˌtaɪzmənt/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर loneliness, piety, romanticism जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।