Pratique du Shadowing: HISTORY OF IDEAS - Loneliness - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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79 phrases
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What is difficult in the modern world?
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When we think about what's difficult in the modern world, we're liable to think about meal times.
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How seldom they now take place communally.
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How rare it is for whole families to gather.
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How much technology can intrude.
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In paintings of communal meals from the olden days,
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we can appreciate how all ages used to come together around one table and how welcoming the atmosphere seems to have been.
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Even the family horse might have been invited to join in.
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The modern condition appears so bleak by comparison.
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Rather than a family around the hearth, the emblematic image is of a single person with a tray on their knees in front of the television.
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It was the Swanson Corporation, originally a poultry producer in Omaha, Nebraska, that launched the frozen TV dinner in 1954,
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the same year coloured television was introduced in the US.
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It is a short distance in time, but a long way in spirit,
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from Norman Rockwell's laughter-filled family Thanksgiving celebration to Swanson's industrially produced Turkey Meal for One.
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The modern world is surely a lonelier place than the one that preceded it.
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The question is why.
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It isn't ultimately technology that has made us lonely.
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It's an identifiable set of ideas.
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We've rendered ourselves lonely first and foremost because of certain stories we've started to tell about what loneliness means.
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Most eras before our own knew that solitude did not, per se, have to be a sign of wretchedness.
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In the fourth century, the The greatest saint of early Christianity, Saint Anthony, was said to have spent more than 40 years by himself in Egypt's western desert,
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not saying a word, eating only bread and salt, and communing with God.
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So impressed were some with Anthony's life, they came to join him in the desert and became collectively known as the Desert Fathers.
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Their philosophy of solitary piety would go on to have a decisive influence on the founding of monasteries.
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At the height of monasticism in the Middle Ages, a million people across Europe
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and North Africa chose to forego the bustle of family in order to dwell in some of the most rugged
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and remote to reign in the world in silent contemplation of God.
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However, in the wake of the reformation and the destruction of the monasteries, solitary piety began to lose its prestige and receded as a practical option.
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Those who had previously lived alone at the tops of mountains were now encouraged to serve God by remaining in the community, finding a spouse and starting a family.
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To this newly social religious impetus was added the influence of Romanticism, a movement of ideas that, with different ends in view,
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similarly encouraged people to give up on commitments to their own company.
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For the Romantics, happiness lay in identifying one exceptional soulmate,
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to whom one could surrender one's independence and with whom one might fuse mind and body.
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The Romantic movement turned solitude from a respectable choice to evidence of pathology.
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When the Beatles released Eleanor Rigby in 1966, the song that more than any other defined what loneliness meant for the modern age,
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it was at once clear why Eleanor was a pitiful figure.
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The famous face that she kept in a jar by the door had been intended for an enchanting partner that,
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like all single people, she must surely have longed to find.
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Only with romantic love could there be a decent life.
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So ran the philosophy of the song, of all the Beatles' works and, in fact, of pretty much every pop song ever written.
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Failed to fall completely in love and, romanticism warned, one would soon enough be picking up rice in the church where a wedding had been or,
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rivalling for strangeness, the very odd Father Mackenzie, around whom there seemed to be so little of the glamour that had once attended the Desert Fathers.
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The modern world not only made it mandatory to have a partner,
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it's also made it feel essential to have a vibrant gang of friends and to enjoy seeing them regularly at parties.
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An empty diary has become an emblem of deformity.
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But there is not the slightest admission that it might, all things considered, be a bit of a curious thing to stand in a crowded room full of status-panicked,
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often socially anxious people, every one of them terrified of honesty or failure.
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In 1921, Carl Jung, in his book Psychological Types, introduced the terms extroverted and introverted to divide humanity.
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The former referred to a sort of person who could best realise their potential in the company of others.
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The latter were those who needed to move away from crowds in order to regain their integrity.
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Everyone possesses both mechanisms, wrote Jung, but it was evident where the spirit of the modern age has resided.
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It has been the achievement of a few, often ignored artists of the modern period, to make a case for introversion,
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to try to coat solitude in glamour.
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In a painting by the German artist Caspar David Friedrich, we are invited to trust that the lonely figure in the landscape is privy to insights
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that might be lost in the crowd down in the lowlands.
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The man is needed to travel up to the mountains in order to put the bluster and envy of humans in perspective.
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should dare to follow him in his trajectory.
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Separated by many decades, Gwen John's young woman doesn't seem to belong to an official religion,
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but if there was one dedicated to the appreciation of solitude, then she would be one of its saintly and legendary figures.
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Her expression – kind, gentle,
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melancholy – is an advertisement for all that the modern world has neglected in its promotion of active, cheery lives.
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Isolation isn't a particular curse.
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It's just where good people tend to end up.
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We should dare to believe that we are in solitude not because we are mentally ill, but because we are noble of spirit.
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We don't hate company, it's just
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that we would prefer to stay home rather than accept the counterfeit tokens of community that are too often on offer.
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The way to make people feel less alone isn't to pull them out of their musings in the forest
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or in the diner, in the library or the desert and force them to go bowling.
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It's to reassure them that being alone is no sign of failure.
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To lessen modernity's crisis of loneliness, we need for solitude to be rehabilitated and for singlehood to regain its dignity.
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There is nothing catastrophic about eating dinner, many dinners, on our own.
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Those Swanson TV dinners might have been capable of improvement, but it is ultimately far better to be eating a basic
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meal in peace than to be in a ballroom surrounded by false smiles and oppressive judgements.
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When we do so, we aren't in fact on our own at all.
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We are, as the modern world fails to remind us, dining with some of the finest, most elevated spirits who have ever lived.
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We are, though ostensibly by ourselves, in the very best company.
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One of the trickiest tasks we ever have to face is that of working out who we really are.
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This book is designed to help us create a psychological portrait of ourselves, with the use of some unusual, oblique, entertaining and playful prompts.
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Click the link on screen now to find out more.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « HISTORY OF IDEAS - Loneliness ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : modern, solitude, desert. Cette vidéo contient 79 phrases et 1247 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 8:00. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 156 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 79 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| solitude nom | /ˈsɑlɪˌtud/ | solitude |
| loneliness nom | /ˈloʊnlinəs/ | solitude |
| piety nom | /ˈpaɪ̯ɪti/ | piété |
| romanticism nom | /ɹəʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/ | romantisme, romanesque |
| glamour nom | /ˈɡlæmɚ/ | charme |
| monastery nom | /ˈmɑnəˌstɛɹi/ | monastère |
| solitary adjectif | /ˈsɑlɪˌtɛɹi/ | solitaire, seul |
| regain verbe | /ɹiːˈɡeɪn/ | reconquérir, reprendre |
| bustle nom | /ˈbʌsəl/ | affairement, branlebas |
| commune nom | /ˈkɑmjuːn/ | commune |
| contemplation nom | /ˌkɑntəmˈpleɪʃən/ | contemplation |
| counterfeit adjectif | /ˈkaʊn.tɚˌfɪt/ | contrefait |
| elevate verbe | /ˈɛləveɪt/ | élever |
| emblematic adjectif | /ˌɛmbləˈmatɪk/ | emblématique |
| enchant verbe | /ɪnˈt͡ʃænt/ | enchanter |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| come together verbe | /ˈkʌm tʊˈɡɛðɚ/ | affluer, s’assembler |
| end up verbe | se terminer, se finir | |
| find out verbe | découvrir, savoir | |
| pick up verbe | soulever | |
| work out verbe | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | calculer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | have been invited · was introduced · was said |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has made · We've rendered · has become |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | Those who had · person who could · those who needed |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 9 contractions et formes réduites, comme isn't, we've, aren't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: hearth /ˈhɑɹθ/, pathology /pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: contemplation /ˌkɑntəmˈpleɪʃən/, introversion /ɪntɹəˈvəɹʒən/, reassure /ˌɹi.əˈʃʊɹ/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, socially /ˈsoʊʃəli/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: romanticism /ɹəʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/, monastery /ˈmɑnəˌstɛɹi/, solitary /ˈsɑlɪˌtɛɹi/, contemplation /ˌkɑntəmˈpleɪʃən/, deformity /dɪˈfɔɹməti/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hearth /ˈhɑɹθ/, rehabilitate /ɹiː(h)əˈbɪlɪteɪt/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: cheery /ˈt͡ʃɪɚi/, enchant /ɪnˈt͡ʃænt/, wretchedness /ˈɹɛt͡ʃɪdnəs/, pathology /pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/, trajectory /tɹəˈd͡ʒɛktəɹi/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: romanticism /ɹəʊˈmæntɪsɪzəm/, monastery /ˈmɑnəˌstɛɹi/, solitary /ˈsɑlɪˌtɛɹi/, regain /ɹiːˈɡeɪn/, deformity /dɪˈfɔɹməti/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme solitude, loneliness, piety.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.