Pratique du Shadowing: PHILOSOPHY - The Stoics - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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The Stoicism This is a film about Stoicism and why you need more of it in your life.
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Because, as people seldom tell you, but we will quietly.
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Stoicism was a philosophy that flourished for 480 years in ancient Greece
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and Rome and was popular with everyone from slaves to the aristocracy.
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Because, unlike so much philosophy, it was helpful.
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Helpful when we panic, want to give up, despair and rage at existence.
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We still honour this philosophy whenever we think of someone as brave and without perhaps quite knowing why, call them stoic.
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There are two great philosophers of stoicism.
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The first is the Roman writer and tutor to Nero, Seneca.
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He lived between AD 4 and AD 65.
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That's right, tutor to Nero, the infamous dictator who slept with his own mother, raped young boys and just because he felt like it, asked his old tutor, Seneca,
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to commit suicide in front of his own family.
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And our other guide to Stoicism is the kind and magnanimous Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, AD 121-180, who was forced to spend most of his reign on the edges of the empire,
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fighting off invincible Germanic hordes, but found time to write one of the greatest works of philosophy, the Meditations, in his tent at night.
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There are two problems Stoicism can help us with in particular.
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The first is anxiety.
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When you're feeling anxious about something, most people are maddening.
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They believe it's their duty to cheer you up.
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However intelligent they might otherwise be, they say things like it'll be okay, don't worry, even cheer up.
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The Stoics were appalled.
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They hated any kind of consolation that aims to give the listener hope.
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Hope is the opium of the emotions
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and must be stamped out conclusively for a person to stand any chance of inner peace.
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Because hope only lifts you up higher for the eventual fall.
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The Stoics advise us to take a different path.
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To be calm, one has to tell oneself something very dark.
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It will be terrible.
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I might have to go to prison.
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The lump really could be malign.
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I probably will be fired and humiliated, my friends almost certainly will succeed.
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But a huge, consoling stoic but.
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One must keep in mind that one will, nevertheless, be okay.
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Okay, because in the end, as Marcus Aurelius said, we are each of us stronger than we think.
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Prison won't be fun, nor we're losing one's job or being made a laughing stock, but one will get through it.
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Stoicism emboldens us against the worst fate can throw at us.
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And if you really, really can't take it, suicide is always an option.
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The Stoics mentioned this repeatedly.
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Here is Seneca.
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Can you no longer see a road to freedom?
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It's right in front of you.
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You need only turn over your wrists.
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To build up an impression of one's own resilience, the Stoics suggested one regularly rehearse worst-case scenarios.
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For example, twice a year, one should take off one's smart clothes, into some dirty rags, sleep on a rug in the kitchen floor
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and eat only stale bread and rainwater from an animal's bowl.
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And thereby, you'll make an amazing discovery.
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As Marcus Aurelius put it, almost nothing material is needed for a happy life for he who has understood existence.
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Another subject of interest to the Stoics was anger.
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Romans were a bad tempered lot.
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The Stoics wanted to calm them down, but they did so by an unusual route, by intellectual argument.
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They propose that getting angry isn't something you do by nature
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because you have a Latin temper or are somehow inherently hot blooded.
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It's the result of being stupid, of having the wrong ideas about life.
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Anger stems when misplaced hope smashes into unforeseen reality.
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We don't shout every time something bad happens to us, only when it's bad and unexpected.
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For example, you never shout just because it started raining, even though rain can be horrible, because you've learnt to expect rain.
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The same should apply to everything.
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Don't only expect rain, expect betrayal, infamy, sadism, theft, humiliation, lust, greed, spite.
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One will stop being so angry when one learns the true facts of the misery of life.
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The wise person should aim to reach a state where simply nothing could suddenly disturb their peace of mind.
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Every tragedy should already be priced in.
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We're going to leave you with the most beautiful remark that Seneca made, just as Nero's guards were grabbing him
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and shoving him into a bathroom where he was meant to take a sharp knife and kill himself.
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His wife, Polina, and two children were panicking, weeping, clinging to his cloaks.
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But Seneca turned to them, pulled a weary smile at them, and simply said, what need is there to weep over parts of life?
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The whole of it calls for tears.
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We have much to learn from the Stoics.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « PHILOSOPHY - The Stoics ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : stoic, stoicism, Seneca, philosophy, Aurelius. Cette vidéo contient 66 phrases et 821 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:28. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 184 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 80 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| stoicism nom | /ˈstoʊɪsɪzəm/ | stoïcisme |
| tutor nom | /ˈtjuːtəː/ | tuteur |
| stoic adjectif | /ˈstoʊ.ɪk/ | stoïque |
| weep verbe | /ˈwiːp/ | pleurer |
| temper nom | /ˈtɛmpɚ/ | caractère, tempérament |
| shout verbe | /ʃaʊt/ | crier |
| appall verbe | /əˈpɔːl/ | atterrer, horrifier |
| aristocracy nom | /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/ | aristocratie |
| embolden verbe | /ɛmˈboʊld(ə)n/ | encourager, enhardir |
| humiliate verbe | /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/ | humilier |
| infamy nom | /ˈɪnfəmi/ | infamie |
| invincible adjectif | /ɪnˈvɪn.sə.bəl/ | invincible |
| magnanimous adjectif | /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/ | magnanime |
| misplace verbe | /mɪsˈpleɪs/ | égarer |
| rainwater nom | eaux de pluie |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| build up verbe | s'accumuler, s'entasser | |
| cheer up verbe | remonter le moral | |
| get through verbe | /ɡɛt ˈθɹu/ | franchir |
| give up verbe | se rendre | |
| take off verbe | enlever, ôter | |
| turn over verbe | retourner, renverser |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- They believe it's their duty to cheer you up.
- Can you no longer see a road to freedom?
- It's right in front of you.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was forced · were appalled · must be stamped |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has understood · you've learnt |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 12 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, we're, can't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, cloth /klɒθ/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: shout /ʃaʊt/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, consolation /ˌkɑn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/, humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/, shove /ʃʌv/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: aristocracy /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/, humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, invincible /ɪnˈvɪn.sə.bəl/, magnanimous /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/, consolation /ˌkɑn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, rehearse /ɹɪˈhɝs/, humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: aristocracy /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/, rehearse /ɹɪˈhɝs/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme stoicism, tutor, stoic.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.