Shadowing Practice: PHILOSOPHY - The Stoics - Learn English Speaking with Video
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The Stoicism This is a film about Stoicism and why you need more of it in your life.
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Because, as people seldom tell you, but we will quietly.
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Stoicism was a philosophy that flourished for 480 years in ancient Greece
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and Rome and was popular with everyone from slaves to the aristocracy.
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Because, unlike so much philosophy, it was helpful.
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Helpful when we panic, want to give up, despair and rage at existence.
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We still honour this philosophy whenever we think of someone as brave and without perhaps quite knowing why, call them stoic.
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There are two great philosophers of stoicism.
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The first is the Roman writer and tutor to Nero, Seneca.
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He lived between AD 4 and AD 65.
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That's right, tutor to Nero, the infamous dictator who slept with his own mother, raped young boys and just because he felt like it, asked his old tutor, Seneca,
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to commit suicide in front of his own family.
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And our other guide to Stoicism is the kind and magnanimous Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, AD 121-180, who was forced to spend most of his reign on the edges of the empire,
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fighting off invincible Germanic hordes, but found time to write one of the greatest works of philosophy, the Meditations, in his tent at night.
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There are two problems Stoicism can help us with in particular.
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The first is anxiety.
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When you're feeling anxious about something, most people are maddening.
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They believe it's their duty to cheer you up.
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However intelligent they might otherwise be, they say things like it'll be okay, don't worry, even cheer up.
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The Stoics were appalled.
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They hated any kind of consolation that aims to give the listener hope.
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Hope is the opium of the emotions
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and must be stamped out conclusively for a person to stand any chance of inner peace.
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Because hope only lifts you up higher for the eventual fall.
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The Stoics advise us to take a different path.
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To be calm, one has to tell oneself something very dark.
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It will be terrible.
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I might have to go to prison.
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The lump really could be malign.
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I probably will be fired and humiliated, my friends almost certainly will succeed.
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But a huge, consoling stoic but.
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One must keep in mind that one will, nevertheless, be okay.
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Okay, because in the end, as Marcus Aurelius said, we are each of us stronger than we think.
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Prison won't be fun, nor we're losing one's job or being made a laughing stock, but one will get through it.
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Stoicism emboldens us against the worst fate can throw at us.
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And if you really, really can't take it, suicide is always an option.
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The Stoics mentioned this repeatedly.
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Here is Seneca.
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Can you no longer see a road to freedom?
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It's right in front of you.
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You need only turn over your wrists.
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To build up an impression of one's own resilience, the Stoics suggested one regularly rehearse worst-case scenarios.
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For example, twice a year, one should take off one's smart clothes, into some dirty rags, sleep on a rug in the kitchen floor
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and eat only stale bread and rainwater from an animal's bowl.
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And thereby, you'll make an amazing discovery.
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As Marcus Aurelius put it, almost nothing material is needed for a happy life for he who has understood existence.
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Another subject of interest to the Stoics was anger.
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Romans were a bad tempered lot.
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The Stoics wanted to calm them down, but they did so by an unusual route, by intellectual argument.
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They propose that getting angry isn't something you do by nature
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because you have a Latin temper or are somehow inherently hot blooded.
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It's the result of being stupid, of having the wrong ideas about life.
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Anger stems when misplaced hope smashes into unforeseen reality.
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We don't shout every time something bad happens to us, only when it's bad and unexpected.
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For example, you never shout just because it started raining, even though rain can be horrible, because you've learnt to expect rain.
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The same should apply to everything.
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Don't only expect rain, expect betrayal, infamy, sadism, theft, humiliation, lust, greed, spite.
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One will stop being so angry when one learns the true facts of the misery of life.
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The wise person should aim to reach a state where simply nothing could suddenly disturb their peace of mind.
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Every tragedy should already be priced in.
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We're going to leave you with the most beautiful remark that Seneca made, just as Nero's guards were grabbing him
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and shoving him into a bathroom where he was meant to take a sharp knife and kill himself.
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His wife, Polina, and two children were panicking, weeping, clinging to his cloaks.
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But Seneca turned to them, pulled a weary smile at them, and simply said, what need is there to weep over parts of life?
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The whole of it calls for tears.
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We have much to learn from the Stoics.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “PHILOSOPHY - The Stoics” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: stoic, stoicism, Seneca, philosophy, Aurelius. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 66 cümle ve 821 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 4:28 sürüyor. Konuşmacı hızlı konuşuyor, dakikada yaklaşık 184 kelime; bu yüzden birbirine bağlanan ve zayıflayan sesler duyacaksınız. Kelimelerin yalnızca %80’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| tutor isim | /ˈtjuːtəː/ | lala |
| weep fiil | /ˈwiːp/ | ağlamak |
| shout fiil | /ʃaʊt/ | bağırmak, haykırmak |
| aristocracy isim | /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/ | aristokrasi |
| humiliate fiil | /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/ | aşağılamak, utandırmak |
| invincible sıfat | /ɪnˈvɪn.sə.bəl/ | yenilmez |
| magnanimous sıfat | /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/ | cömert |
| rainwater isim | yağmur suyu | |
| sadism isim | /ˈseɪdɪzəm/ | sadizm, sadistlik |
| listener isim | /ˈlɪs(ə)nɚ/ | dinleyici |
| humiliation isim | /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/ | aşağılama, küçük düşürme |
| disturb fiil | /dɪˈstɜːb/ | rahatsız etmek |
| resilience isim | /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/ | çabuk iyileşme özelliği |
| seldom zarf | /ˈsɛldəm/ | az, nadiren |
| dictator isim | /ˈdɪkˌteɪtəɹ/ | diktatör |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Anlam |
|---|---|
| cheer up fiil | keyiflenmek, neşelenmek |
Tekrar etmeye değer cümleler
Videodan, günlük konuşmada yeniden kullanabileceğiniz kısa ve tam cümleler:
- They believe it's their duty to cheer you up.
- Can you no longer see a road to freedom?
- It's right in front of you.
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | was forced · were appalled · must be stamped |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | has understood · you've learnt |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı don't, we're, can't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 12 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, cloth /klɒθ/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: shout /ʃaʊt/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, consolation /ˌkɑn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/, humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/, shove /ʃʌv/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: aristocracy /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/, humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, invincible /ɪnˈvɪn.sə.bəl/, magnanimous /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/, consolation /ˌkɑn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: weep /ˈwiːp/, weary /ˈwɪɚi/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: stoicism /ˈstoʊɪsɪzəm/, tutor /ˈtjuːtəː/, stoic /ˈstoʊ.ɪk/, humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: magnanimous /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/, madden /ˈmædən/, smash /smæʃ/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; tutor, weep, shout gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.